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TR is a necessary virulence factor that enables the persistent infection of some parasites. We performed bioinformatics analyses and biochemical assays to characterize the activity, subcellular localization, and genetic ablation of\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    TR (TgTR), to shed light on its biologic function. We expressed the TgTR protein with an\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression system and analyzed its enzyme activity, reporting a\n                    <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>\n                    for the recombinant TgTR of 11.47\u201315.57 \u03bcM, using NADPH as a substrate, and 130.48\u2013151.09 \u03bcM with dithio\u2010bis\u2010nitrobenzoic acid as a substrate. The TgTR sequence shared homology with that of TR, but lacked a selenocysteine residue in the C\u2010terminal region and was thought to contain 2 flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) domains and 1 NADPH domain. In addition, immunoelectron microscopy results showed that TgTR was widely dispersed in the cytoplasm, and we observed that parasite antioxidant capacity, invasion efficiency, and proliferation were decreased in TR\u2010knockout (TR\u2010KO) strains\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro,<\/jats:italic>\n                    although this strain still stimulated the release of reactive oxygen species release in mouse macrophages while being more sensitive to H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    toxicity\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Furthermore, our\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    results revealed that the survival time of mice infected with the TR\u2010KO strain was significantly prolonged relative to that of mice infected with the wild\u2010type strain. These results suggest that TgTR plays an important role in resistance to oxidative damage and can be considered a virulence factor associated with\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection.\u2014Xue, J., Jiang, W., Chen, Y., Gong, F., Wang, M., Zeng, P., Xia, C., Wang, Q., Huang, K. Thioredoxin reductase from\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    : an essential virulence effector with antioxidant function. FASEB J. 31, 4447\u20134457 (2017).\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.fasebj.org\">www.fasebj.org<\/jats:ext-link>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201700008r","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,7]],"date-time":"2017-07-07T20:10:17Z","timestamp":1499458217000},"page":"4447-4457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Thioredoxin reductase from\n                    <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n                    : an essential virulence effector with antioxidant function"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Junxin","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science Shanghai China"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China"},{"name":"Shanghai Entry\u2010Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongjun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengju","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Can","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kehe","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1432-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2858"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2008.01210.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002236","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii rhoptry kinase ROP16 activates STAT3 and STAT6 resulting in cytokine inhibition and arginase\u20101\u2010dependent growth control","volume":"7","author":"Butcher B. 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