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The survival of microglia depends on colony\u2010stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) signaling, and CSF1R inhibition results in rapid elimination of microglia in the central nervous system. Using a mouse PD model induced by 1\u2010methyl\u20104\u2010phenyl\u20101, 2, 3, 6\u2010tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treatment, we showed that the depletion of microglia\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    the CSF1R inhibitor PLX3397 exacerbated the impairment of locomotor activities and the loss of dopaminergic neurons. Further, depletion of microglia augmented the production of inflammatory mediators and infiltration of leukocytes in the brain after MPTP exposure. Microglia depletion\u2010induced aggravation of MPTP neurotoxicity was also seen in lymphocyte\u2010deficient mice. In addition, the depletion of microglia did not affect the production of brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor, but it dramatically augmented the production of inflammatory mediators by astrocytes after MPTP treatment. Our findings suggest microglia play a protective role against MPTP\u2010induced neuroinflammation and dopaminergic neurotoxicity.\u2014Yang, X., Ren, H., Wood, K., Li, M., Qiu, S., Shi, F.\u2010D., Ma, C., Liu, Q. Depletion of microglia augments the dopaminergic neurotoxicity of MPTP. FASEB J. 32, 3336\u20133345 (2018).\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.fasebj.org\">www.fasebj.org<\/jats:ext-link>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201700833rr","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]],"date-time":"2018-01-22T22:15:53Z","timestamp":1516659353000},"page":"3336-3345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Depletion of microglia augments the dopaminergic neurotoxicity of MPTP"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Tianjin Neurological Institute Tianjin Medical University General Hospital  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Barrow Neurological Institute St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center  Phoenix Arizona 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