{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T16:39:27Z","timestamp":1776875967720,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,29]],"date-time":"2019-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01DK095728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01DK095728"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2R01EB000858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R01EB000858"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Early pro\u2010inflammatory signaling in the endocrine pancreas involves activation of NF\u2010\u03baB, which is believed to be important for determining the ultimate fate of \u03b2\u2010cells and hence progression of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Thus, early non\u2010invasive detection of NF\u2010\u03baB in pancreatic islets may serve as a potential strategy for monitoring early changes in pancreatic endocrine cells eventually leading to T1D. We investigated the feasibility of optical imaging of NF\u2010\u03baB transcription factor activation induced by low\u2010dose streptozocin (LD\u2010STZ) treatment in the immunocompetent SKH1 mouse model of early stage diabetes. In this model, we showed that the levels of NF\u2010\u03baB may be visualized and measured by fluorescence intensity of specific near\u2010infrared (NIR) fluorophore\u2010labeled oligodeoxyribonucleotide duplex (ODND) probes. In addition, NF\u2010\u03baB activation following LD\u2010STZ treatment was validated using immunofluorescence and transgenic animals expressing NF\u2010\u03baB inducible imaging reporter. We showed that LD\u2010STZ\u2010treated SKH1 mice had significantly higher (2\u20103 times,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.01) specific NIR FI in the nuclei and cytoplasm of islets cells than in non\u2010treated control mice and this finding was corroborated by immunoblotting and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Finally, using semi\u2010quantitative confocal analysis of non\u2010fixed pancreatic islet microscopy we demonstrated that ODND probes may be used to distinguish between the islets with high levels of NF\u2010\u03baB transcription factor and control islet cells.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201801147r","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,29]],"date-time":"2019-11-29T07:38:39Z","timestamp":1575013119000},"page":"1198-1210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Imaging NF\u2010\u03baB activity in a murine model of early stage diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Toloo","family":"Taghian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valeriy 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