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During the progression of the disorder, phagocytic clearance of dead photoreceptor cell bodies has a protective role by preventing additional retinal damage from accumulation of cellular debris. However, the cells responsible for the clearance remain unidentified. Taking advantage of a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa (\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      Rho\n                      <jats:sup>P23H\/P23H<\/jats:sup>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ), we clarified the roles of M\u00fcller glia in the phagocytosis of rod photoreceptor cells. During the early stage of retinal degeneration, M\u00fcller glial cells participated in the phagocytosis of dying or dead rod photoreceptors throughout the outer nuclear layer. Nearly 50% of M\u00fcller glia engaged in phagocytosis. Among the M\u00fcller phagosomes, &gt;90% matured into phagolysosomes. Those observations indicated that M\u00fcller glial cells are the primary contributor to phagocytosis. In contrast, macrophages migrate to the inner part of the outer nuclear layer during photoreceptor degeneration, participating in the phagocytosis of a limited population of dying or dead photoreceptor cells. In healthy retinas of wild\u2010type mice, M\u00fcller glial cells phagocytosed cell bodies of dead rod photoreceptors albeit at a lower frequency. Taken together, the phagocytic function of M\u00fcller glia is responsible for retinal homeostasis and reorganization under normal and pathologic conditions.\u2014Sakami, S., Imanishi, Y., Palczewski, K. M\u00fcller glia phagocytose dead photoreceptor cells in a mouse model of retinal degenerative disease. FASEB J. 33,3680\u20133692 (2019).\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.fasebj.org\">www.fasebj.org<\/jats:ext-link>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201801662r","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,21]],"date-time":"2018-11-21T15:15:06Z","timestamp":1542813306000},"page":"3680-3692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["M\u00fcller glia phagocytose dead photoreceptor cells in a mouse model of retinal degenerative disease"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Sanae","family":"Sakami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshikazu","family":"Imanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Palczewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1993.01090060049022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"176","article-title":"Microscopic observations in a case of retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"28","author":"Verhoeff F. 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