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Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are novel intercellular communication structures transporting different cargos with potential implications in therapy resistance. Here, we have investigated TNTs in CML cells and following treatment with the highly effective CML therapeutics tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and interferon\u2010\u03b1 (IFN\u03b1). CML cells from chronic phase CML patients as well as the blast crisis phase cell lines, Kcl\u201022 and K562, formed few or no TNTs. Treatment with imatinib increased TNT formation in both Kcl\u201022 and K562 cells, while nilotinib or IFN\u03b1 increased TNTs in Kcl\u201022 cells only where the TNT increase was associated with adherence to fibronectin\u2010coated surfaces, altered morphology, and reduced movement involving \u03b21integrin.\n                    <jats:italic>Ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    treated cells from chronic phase CML patients showed limited changes in TNT formation similarly to bone marrow cells from healthy individuals. Interestingly, in vivo nilotinib treatment in a Kcl\u201022 subcutaneous mouse model resulted in morphological changes and TNT\u2010like structures in the tumor\u2010derived Kcl\u201022 cells. Our results demonstrate that CML cells express low levels of TNTs, but CML therapeutics increase TNT formation in designated cell models indicating TNT functionality in bone marrow derived malignancies and their microenvironment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201802061rr","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]],"date-time":"2020-01-16T11:47:56Z","timestamp":1579175276000},"page":"3773-3791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Tyrosine kinase inhibitors\u00a0and interferon\u2010\u03b1 increase tunneling nanotube (TNT) formation and cell adhesion in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cell lines"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Omsland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO Department of Clinical Science University of Bergen Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section Vaccine Branch National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vibeke","family":"Andresen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO Department of Clinical Science University of Bergen Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section Haukeland University Hospital Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stein\u2010Erik","family":"Gullaksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO Department of Clinical Science University of Bergen Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section Haukeland University Hospital Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Ayuda\u2010Dur\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Cell Biology Institute for Cancer Research The Norwegian Radium Hospital Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section Haukeland University Hospital Bergen Norway"},{"name":"KinN Therapeutics Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randi","family":"Hovland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics Haukeland University Hospital Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atle","family":"Brendehaug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics Haukeland University Hospital Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorrit","family":"Enserink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Cell Biology Institute for Cancer Research The Norwegian Radium Hospital Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmet","family":"McCormack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO Department of Clinical Science University of Bergen Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f8rn Tore","family":"Gjertsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO Department of Clinical Science University of Bergen Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section Haukeland University Hospital Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/89.21.1616","article-title":"Interferon alfa versus chemotherapy for chronic myeloid leukemia: a meta\u2010analysis of seven randomized trials: Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Trialists' collaborative group","volume":"89","author":"CML Trialists' Collaborative Group, C. 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