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Here, we discovered a totally different activity of Bac: the neutralization of bacterial exotoxins. Bac prevented intoxication of mammalian cells with the binary enterotoxins\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    C2,\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u0269,\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    transferase (CDT), and\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus anihracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    lethal toxin. The transport (B) subunits of these toxins deliver their respective enzyme (A) subunits into cells. Following endocytosis, the B subunits form pores in membranes of endosomes, which mediate translocation of the A subunits into the cytosol. Bac inhibited formation of such B pores in lipid bilayers\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and in living cells, thereby preventing translocation of the A subunit into the cytosol. Bac preserved the epithelial integrity of toxin\u2010treated CaCo\u20102 monolayers, a model for the human gut epithelium. In conclusion, Bac should be discussed as a therapeutic option against infections with medically relevant toxin\u2010producing bacteria, including\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , because it inhibits bacterial growth and neutralizes the secreted toxins.\u2014Schnell, L., Felix, I., M\u00fcller, B., Sadi, M., von Bank, F., Papatheodorou, P., Popoff, M. R., Aktories, K., Waltenberger, E., Benz, R., Weichbrodt, C., Fauler, M., Frick, M., Barth, H. Revisiting an old antibiotic: bacitracin neutralizes binary bacterial toxins and protects cells from intoxication. FASEB J. 33, 5755\u20135771 (2019).\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.fasebj.org\">www.fasebj.org<\/jats:ext-link>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201802453r","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]],"date-time":"2019-01-30T17:08:16Z","timestamp":1548868096000},"page":"5755-5771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Revisiting an old antibiotic: bacitracin neutralizes binary bacterial toxins and protects cells from intoxication"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Leonie","family":"Schnell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Ulm Medical Center  Ulm Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ina","family":"Felix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Ulm Medical Center  Ulm Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bastian","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Ulm Medical Center  Ulm Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirko","family":"Sadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Ulm Medical Center  Ulm Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"von Bank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Ulm Medical Center  Ulm Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Papatheodorou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Ulm Medical Center  Ulm Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel R.","family":"Popoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaerobic Bacteria Pasteur Institute  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Aktories","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Waltenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry Jacobs University Bremen  Bremen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Benz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry Jacobs University Bremen  Bremen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conrad","family":"Weichbrodt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanion Technologies  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Fauler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General Physiology University of Ulm  Ulm Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Frick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General Physiology University of Ulm  Ulm Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Barth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Ulm Medical Center  Ulm Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/322390a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.30.3.668-673.1980","article-title":"Purification and characterization of two components of botulinum C2 toxin","volume":"30","author":"Ohishi I.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Infect. 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