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Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMNCs) are a rich source of macrophage progenitors used for treating chronic inflammation and produce essential molecules for cartilage metabolism. This study investigated the response to autologous BMNC injection in normal and inflamed joints. Synovitis was induced in both radiocarpal joints of 6 horses. After 8 h, 1 inflamed radiocarpal and 1 normal tarsocrural joint received BMNC injection. Contralateral joints were injected with saline. Synovial fluid was collected at 24, 96, and 144 h for cytology, cytokine quantification, and flow cytometry. At 144 h, horses were euthanatized, joints were evaluated, and synovium was harvested for histology and immunohistochemistry. Four days after BMNC treatment, inflamed joints had 24% higher macrophage counts with 10% more IL\u201010\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells than saline\u2010treated controls. BMNC\u2010treated joints showed gross and analytical improvements in synovial fluid and synovial membrane, with increasing regulatory macrophages and synovial fluid IL\u201010 concentrations compared with saline\u2010treated controls. BMNC\u2010treated joints were comparable to healthy joints histologically, which remained abnormal in saline\u2010treated controls. Autologous BMNCs are readily available, regulate synovitis through macrophage\u2010associated effects, and can benefit thousands of patients with OA.\u2014Menarim, B. C., Gillis, K.H., Oliver, A., Mason, C., Ngo, Y., Werre, S.R., Barrett, S.H., Luo, X., Byron, C.R., Dahlgren, L. A. Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells modulate joint homeostasis in an equine\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    model of synovitis. FASEB J. 33, 14337\u201014353 (2019).\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.fasebj.org\">www.fasebj.org<\/jats:ext-link>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201901684rr","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T23:06:16Z","timestamp":1572476776000},"page":"14337-14353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells modulate joint homeostasis in an equine\n                    <i>in vivo<\/i>\n                    model of synovitis"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Bruno C.","family":"Menarim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences Virginia\u2010Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg Virginia 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