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Particularly problematic are co\u2010infections with influenza A virus (IAV) and the major bacterial pathogen\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . However, the molecular processes underlying the severe course of such co\u2010infections are not fully understood. Previously, the absence of secreted glycoprotein Chitinase\u20103\u2010like 1 (CHI3L1) was shown to increase pneumococcal replication in mice. We therefore hypothesized that an IAV preinfection decreases CHI3L1 levels to promote pneumococcal infection. Indeed, in an air\u2010liquid interface model of primary human bronchial epithelial cells (hBECs), IAV preinfection interfered with apical but not basolateral CHI3L1 release. Confocal time\u2010lapse microscopy revealed that the gradual loss of apical CHI3L1 localization during co\u2010infection with influenza and\n                    <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    coincided with the disappearance of goblet as well as ciliated cells and increased\n                    <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    replication. Importantly, extracellular restoration of CHI3L1 levels using recombinant protein significantly reduced bacterial load in influenza preinfected bronchial models. Thus, recombinant CHI3L1 may provide a novel therapeutic means to lower morbidity and mortality associated with post\u2010influenza pneumococcal infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201902988rr","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T13:50:53Z","timestamp":1603461053000},"page":"16432-16448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Influenza virus\u2010mediated suppression of bronchial Chitinase\u20103\u2010like 1 secretion promotes secondary pneumococcal infection"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Diana","family":"Karwelat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Lung Research Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg Philipps University Marburg Hesse 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