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This study investigated whether astaxanthin (AXT), which has documented anti\u2010inflammatory and antioxidant properties, exhibits protective effects against monosodium urate (MSU) crystal\u2010induced inflammation. Cell viability of J774A.1 murine macrophages was assessed by AXT dose\u2010dependent incubation by MTT assays, and expression levels of iNOS and COX\u20102 proteins as well as secretion of IL\u20101\u03b2 were also analyzed under MSU crystals stimulation with or without AXT treatment. The production of inflammatory mediators was found to significantly decrease with AXT treatment, and the formation of the inflammasome complex was also attenuated when cells were co\u2010stimulated with MSU crystals and AXT. Furthermore, we found that expression of the MAPK pathway was downregulated in J774A.1 cells. AXT also inhibited the induction of COX\u20102 and IL\u20106 in human chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts by western blots. Finally, an MSU crystal intra\u2010articular injection rat model for gouty arthritis was utilized in which treatment groups received 5\u2010daily intraperitoneal injections of AXT prior to MSU crystal stimulation, or once intra\u2010articular injections of AXT following MSU crystal stimulation for 6 hours. Results of synovitis score analysis revealed that inflammation was significantly attenuated in the group which received intraperitoneal AXT injection prior to MSU crystal stimulation compared to the group which received MSU only. These results indicate that AXT attenuates the effects of MSU crystal\u2010induced inflammation by suppressing the production of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Our findings that the anti\u2010inflammatory activities of AXT may be beneficial in the treatment of MSU crystal\u2010induced arthritis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202000558rr","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]],"date-time":"2020-07-29T14:14:05Z","timestamp":1596032045000},"page":"11215-11226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Astaxanthin attenuates joint inflammation induced by monosodium urate crystals"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Yi\u2010Jen","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Tri\u2010Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeng\u2010Wei","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng\u2010Cheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology\/Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Tri\u2010Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chian\u2010Her","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Herng\u2010Sheng","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi\u2010Jung","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Graduate 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