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Endometrial physiology relies on a complex interplay between the stromal and epithelial compartments with the former containing a mixture of fibroblasts, vascular, and immune cells. There is evidence for rare populations of putative mesenchymal progenitor cells located in the perivascular niche of human endometrium, but the existence of an equivalent cell population in mouse is unclear. We used the\n                    <jats:italic>Pdgfrb<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010BAC\u2010eGFP transgenic reporter mouse in combination with bulk and single\u2010cell RNA sequencing to redefine the endometrial mesenchyme. In contrast to previous reports we show that CD146 is expressed in both PDGFR\u03b2\u00a0+\u00a0perivascular cells and CD31\u00a0+\u00a0endothelial cells. Bulk RNAseq revealed cells in the perivascular niche which express the high levels of\n                    <jats:italic>Pdgfrb<\/jats:italic>\n                    as well as genes previously identified in pericytes and\/or vascular smooth muscle cells (\n                    <jats:italic>Acta2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Myh11<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Olfr78<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Cspg4<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Rgs4<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Rgs5<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Kcnj8<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>and Abcc9<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). scRNA\u2010seq identified five subpopulations of cells including closely related pericytes\/vascular smooth muscle cells and three subpopulations of fibroblasts. All three fibroblast populations were PDGFR\u03b1+\/CD34\u00a0+\u00a0but were distinct in their expression of\n                    <jats:italic>Ngfr\/Spon2\/Angptl7<\/jats:italic>\n                    (F1),\n                    <jats:italic>Cxcl14<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>Smoc2\/Rgs2<\/jats:italic>\n                    (F2), and\n                    <jats:italic>Clec3b\/Col14a1\/Mmp3<\/jats:italic>\n                    (F3), with potential functions in the regulation of immune responses, response to wounding, and organization of extracellular matrix, respectively. Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the spatial distribution of these populations revealing F1\/NGFR\u00a0+\u00a0cells in most abundance beside epithelial cells. We provide the first definitive analysis of mesenchymal cells in the adult mouse endometrium identifying five subpopulations providing a platform for comparisons between mesenchymal cells in endometrium and other adult tissues which are prone to fibrosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202002123r","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T09:22:08Z","timestamp":1615540928000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Single\u2010cell RNA sequencing redefines the mesenchymal cell landscape of mouse endometrium"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Phoebe M.","family":"Kirkwood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Inflammation Research University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9949-1983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas A.","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Inflammation Research University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Inflammation Research University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Wilson\u2010Kanamori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Inflammation Research University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olympia","family":"Kelepouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Inflammation Research University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arantza","family":"Esnal\u2010Zufiaurre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Inflammation Research University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Dobie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Inflammation Research University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil C.","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Inflammation Research University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom"},{"name":"MRC Human Genetics Unit Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9051-9380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippa T. 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