{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:49:05Z","timestamp":1780447745440,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005202","name":"Muscular Dystrophy Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["349549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["349549"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005202","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Psychosocial stressors can cause physical inactivity, cardiac damage, and hypotension\u2010induced death in the\n                    <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>\n                    mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Because repeated exposure to mild stress can lead to habituation in wild\u2010type mice, we investigated the response of\n                    <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>\n                    mice to a mild, daily stress to determine whether habituation occurred. Male\n                    <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>\n                    mice were exposed to a 30\u2010sec scruff restraint daily for 12\u00a0weeks. Scruff restraint induced immediate physical inactivity that persisted for at least 60\u00a0minutes, and this inactivity response was just as robust after 12\u00a0weeks as it was after one day. Physical inactivity in the\n                    <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>\n                    mice was not associated with acute skeletal muscle contractile dysfunction. However, skeletal muscle of\n                    <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>\n                    mice that were repeatedly stressed had slow\u2010twitch and tetanic relaxation times and trended toward high passive stiffness, possibly due to a small but significant increase in muscle fibrosis. Elevated urinary corticosterone secretion, adrenal hypertrophy, and a larger adrenal cortex indicating chronic activation of the hypothalamic\u2010pituitary\u2010adrenal (HPA) axis were measured in 12\u2010week stressed\n                    <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>\n                    mice relative to those unstressed. However, pharmacological inhibition of the HPA axis did not affect scruff\u2010induced physical inactivity and acute corticosterone injection did not recapitulate the scruff\u2010induced phenotype, suggesting the HPA axis is not the driver of physical inactivity. Our results indicate that the response of\n                    <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>\n                    mice to an acute mild stress is non\u2010habituating and that when that stressor is repeated daily for weeks, it is sufficient to exacerbate some phenotypes associated with dystrophinopathy in\n                    <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>\n                    mice.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202002500r","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T06:14:47Z","timestamp":1616048087000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Some dystrophy phenotypes of dystrophin\u2010deficient\n                    <i>mdx<\/i>\n                    mice are exacerbated by mild, repetitive daily stress"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5195-1901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angus","family":"Lindsay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA"},{"name":"Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Deakin University Geelong Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Holm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lillehei Heart Institute University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Razzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Bartolomucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Ervasti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5784-9289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawn A.","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R200021200"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.150.5.1209"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1255354"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90579-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00466.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2015.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn253"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"1041","article-title":"Relationships linking emotional, motor, cognitive and GABAergic dysfunctions in dystrophin\u2010deficient mdx mice","volume":"26","author":"Vaillend C","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Mol 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