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They can result in prolonged hospitalizations, work loss, disability, poor quality of life, and in diabetic patients with foot ulcers, amputation of the affected limb in 25% of patients. Though chronic ulcers may arise from different underlying diseases, the unifying feature is chronic infection, driving persistent inflammation that prolongs the healing process. One of the most frequently cultured or genetically identified pathogens in skin wounds is\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This species avidly forms biofilms in the wound that impede bacterial eradication by the host's immune mechanisms and limit efficacy of systemic antibiotics. Thus, non\u2010antibiotic approaches to limit the growth and biofilm formation of this wound pathogen would be an advance in the treatment of chronic wounds. Prior work has demonstrated that the growth of other microbial species can be modulated by catecholamine agonists and antagonists of the adrenergic receptors (ARs). Here, we demonstrate that not only can the growth of this common wound pathogen be modulated by catecholamines, but also that the beta\u2010AR antagonists can significantly decrease their growth, and importantly, limit their ability to form biofilms. These findings suggest that beta adrenergic antagonists may have a therapeutic role in the treatment of chronic skin wounds.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202100717rr","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T06:49:12Z","timestamp":1644302952000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Beta adrenergic receptor antagonist can modify\n                    <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i>\n                    biofilm formation in vitro: Implications for chronic wounds"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5346-929X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea I.","family":"Medina Lopez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University of California, Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Fregoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University of California, Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Gallegos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University of California, Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University of California, Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime J.","family":"Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences California State University Sacramento  Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences California State University Sacramento  Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hawa","family":"Kaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University of California, Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin\u2010ya","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University of California, Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7813-0858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. 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