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Here we have utilized patient derived epithelial organoids (ex vivo) and CRC cell lines (in vitro) to show that calcitriol (1,25OHD) increased the expression of the CRC tumor suppressor gene,\n                    <jats:italic>CDH1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , at both the transcript and protein level. Whole genome expression analysis demonstrated significant differential expression of a further six genes after 1,25OHD treatment, including genes with established links to carcinogenesis\n                    <jats:italic>GADD45<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>EFTUD1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>KIAA1199<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Furthermore, gene ontologies relevant to carcinogenesis were enriched by 1,25OHD treatment (e.g.,\n                    <jats:italic>\u2018regulation of Wnt signaling pathway\u2019<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>\u2018regulation of cell death\u2019<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), with common enriched processes across in vitro and ex vivo cultures including \u2018\n                    <jats:italic>negative regulation of cell proliferation\u2019<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>\u2018regulation of cell migration\u2019<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>\u2018regulation of cell differentiation\u2019<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our results identify genes and pathways that are modifiable by calcitriol that have links to CRC tumorigenesis. Hence the findings provide potential mechanism to the epidemiological and clinical trial data indicating a causal association between vitamin D and CRC. We suggest there is strong rationale for further well\u2010designed trials of vitamin D supplementation as a novel CRC chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202101430rr","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T03:42:21Z","timestamp":1639712541000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Vitamin D treatment induces in vitro and ex vivo transcriptomic changes indicating anti\u2010tumor effects"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9790-6882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter G.","family":"Vaughan\u2010Shaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Human Genetics Unit Institute of Genetics and Cancer University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre Institute of Genetics and Cancer University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Blackmur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Human Genetics Unit Institute of Genetics and Cancer University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre Institute of Genetics and Cancer University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graeme","family":"Grimes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Human Genetics Unit Institute of Genetics and Cancer University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre Institute of Genetics and Cancer University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li\u2010Yin","family":"Ooi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre Institute of Genetics and Cancer University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"Department of Pathology National University Hospital National University Health System  Singapore City Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna M.","family":"Ochocka\u2010Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Human Genetics Unit Institute of Genetics and Cancer University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre Institute of Genetics and Cancer University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Dunbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Human Genetics Unit Institute of Genetics and Cancer University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre Institute of Genetics and Cancer University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"von Kriegsheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre Institute of Genetics and Cancer University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vidya","family":"Rajasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Human Genetics Unit Institute of Genetics and Cancer University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre Institute of Genetics and Cancer University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Timofeeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre Institute of Genetics and Cancer University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"DIAS, Danish Institute for Advanced Study Department of Public Health University of Southern Denmark  Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Human Genetics Unit Institute of Genetics and Cancer University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre Institute of Genetics and Cancer University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Svinti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre Institute of Genetics and Cancer University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farhat V. 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