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In this study, we investigated the conservation, differences, and biological functions of homologous genes during spermatogenesis in Mongolia sheep, humans, cynomolgus monkey, and mice using single\u2010cell RNA sequencing technology. We compared X chromosome meiotic inactivation events in Mongolia sheep, humans, cynomolgus monkey, and mice to uncover the concerted activity of X chromosome genes. Subsequently, we focused on the dynamics of gene expression, key biological functions, and signaling pathways at various stages of spermatogenesis in Mongolia sheep and humans. Additionally, the ligand\u2010receptor networks of Mongolia sheep and humans in testicular somatic and germ cells at different developmental stages were mapped to reveal conserved germ cell\u2010soma communication using single\u2010cell resolution. These datasets provided novel information and insights to unravel the molecular regulatory mechanisms of Mongolia sheep spermatogenesis and highlight conservation in gene expression during spermatogenesis between Mongolia sheep and humans, providing a foundation for the establishment of a large mammalian disease model of male infertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202200152r","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T11:50:55Z","timestamp":1652874655000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Single\u2010cell RNA sequencing of the Mongolia sheep testis reveals a conserved and divergent transcriptome landscape of mammalian spermatogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R<sup>2<\/sup>BGL) 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