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Prevention of trichinellosis is an effective strategy to improve patient quality of life. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is closely related to the occurrence and development of several parasitic diseases. Studying the impact of MIF deficiency (\n                    <jats:italic>Mif<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sup>\n                    ) on the alterations in host fecal microbiota due to\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection may contribute to proposing a novel dual therapeutic approach for trichinellosis. To reveal the diversity and differences in fecal microbial composition, feces were collected from\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010uninfected and\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010infected wild\u2010type (WT) and MIF knockout (KO) C57BL\/6 mice at 0, 7, 14, and 35 days post\u2010infection (dpi), and the samples were sent for 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing on the Illumina NovaSeq platform. Flow cytometry was used to determine the expression levels of IFN\u2010\u03b3 and IL\u20104 in the CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009T\u2010cell sets of mouse spleens. The results showed that operational taxonomic unit (OTU) clustering, relative abundance of microbial composition, alpha diversity, and beta diversity exhibited significant changes among the eight groups. The LEfSe analysis selected several potential biomarkers at the genus or species level, including\n                    <jats:italic>Akkermansia muciniphila<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus murinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Coprococcus catus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Firmicutes bacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    M10_2,\n                    <jats:italic>Parabacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. CT06, and\n                    <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                    between the KTs and WTs groups. The predicted bacterial functions of the fecal microbiota were mainly involved in metabolism, such as the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, energy, cofactors, vitamins, nucleotides, glycans, and lipids. Flow cytometry revealed an increased CD3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD8\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/CD3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009T\u2010cell ratio and increased IFN\u2010\u03b3 and IL\u20104 levels in CD3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD8\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    T\u2010cell sets from WT and MIF KO mice at 7 dpi. The results indicated that both MIF KO and infection time have a significant influence on the CD3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD8\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    IFN\u2010\u03b3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD8\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    IL\u20104\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    response in mice after\n                    <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In conclusion, this research showed alterations of the fecal microbiota and immune response in both WT and MIF KO mice before and after\n                    <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. These results revealed a potential role of MIF in regulating the pathogenesis of trichinellosis related to the intestinal microbiota. Importantly, the selected potential biomarkers combined with MIF will also offer a novel therapeutic approach to treat trichinellosis in the future.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202300179rr","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T07:56:43Z","timestamp":1695283003000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The impact of\n                    <scp>MIF<\/scp>\n                    deficiency on alterations of fecal microbiota in\n                    <scp>C57BL<\/scp>\n                    \/6 mice induced by\n                    <i>Trichinella spiralis<\/i>\n                    infection"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8880-9474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiting","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine 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