{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T16:53:59Z","timestamp":1775840039167,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the role of \u03c3 factors in a highly invasive spirochaete\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira interrogans<\/jats:italic>\n                    responsible for leptospirosis that affects many mammals, including humans. This disease has a significant impact on public health and the economy worldwide. In bacteria, \u03c3 factors are the key regulators of gene expression at the transcriptional level and therefore play an important role in bacterial adaptative response to different environmental stimuli. These factors form a holoenzyme with the RNA polymerase core enzyme and then direct it to specific promoters, which results in turning on selected genes. Most bacteria possess several different \u03c3 factors that enable them to maintain basal gene expression, as well as to regulate gene expression in response to specific environmental signals. Recent comparative genomics and in silico genome\u2010wide analyses have revealed that the\n                    <jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic>\n                    genome, consisting of two circular chromosomes, encodes a total of 14 \u03c3 factors. Among them, there is one putative housekeeping \u03c3\n                    <jats:sup>70<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010like factor, and three types of alternative \u03c3 factors, i.e., one \u03c3\n                    <jats:sup>54<\/jats:sup>\n                    , one \u03c3\n                    <jats:sup>28<\/jats:sup>\n                    and 11 putative ECF (extracytoplasmic function) \u03c3\n                    <jats:sup>E<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010type factors. Here, characteristics of these putative \u03c3 factors and their possible role in the\n                    <jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene regulation (especially in this pathogen's adaptive response to various environmental conditions, an important determinant of leptospiral virulence), are presented.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202300252rrr","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T10:39:21Z","timestamp":1694255961000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Sigma factors of\n                    <scp>RNA<\/scp>\n                    polymerase in the pathogenic spirochaete\n                    <i>Leptospira interrogans<\/i>\n                    , the causative agent of leptospirosis"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5756-3013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabina","family":"K\u0119dzierska\u2010Mieszkowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology University of Gda\u0144sk  Gda\u0144sk Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007270"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"489","article-title":"Leptospira taxonomy; then and now","volume":"78","author":"Arent Z","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med 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