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It is a bi\u2010functional protein, acting both as a guanine exchange factor and as an RNA\u2010binding protein. RGNEF is known to act as a destabilizing factor of neurofilament light chain RNA (\n                    <jats:italic>NEFL<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and it could potentially contribute to their sequestration in nuclear cytoplasmic inclusions. Most importantly, RGNEF inclusions in the spinal motor neurons of ALS patients have been shown to co\u2010localize with inclusions of TDP\u201043, the major well\u2010known RNA\u2010binding protein aggregating in the brain and spinal cord of human patients. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that loss\u2010of\u2010function of both proteins following aggregation may contribute to motor neuron death\/survival in ALS patients. To further characterize their relationship, we have compared the transcriptomic profiles of neuronal cells depleted of TDP\u201043 and RGNEF and show that these two factors predominantly act in an antagonistic manner when regulating the expression of axon guidance genes. From a mechanistic point of view, our experiments show that the effect of these genes on the processivity of long introns can explain their mode of action. Taken together, our results show that loss\u2010of\u2010function of factors co\u2010aggregating with TDP\u201043 can potentially affect the expression of commonly regulated neuronal genes in a very significant manner, potentially acting as disease modifiers. This finding further highlights that neurodegenerative processes at the RNA level are the result of combinatorial interactions between different RNA\u2010binding factors that can be co\u2010aggregated in neuronal cells. A deeper understanding of these complex scenarios may lead to a better understanding of pathogenic mechanisms occurring in patients, where more than one specific protein may be aggregating in their neurons.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202400743rr","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T07:10:03Z","timestamp":1727939403000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Axon guidance genes are regulated by\n                    <scp>TDP<\/scp>\n                    \u201043 and\n                    <scp>RGNEF<\/scp>\n                    through long\u2010intron removal"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6288-4362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmine","family":"Abbassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB)  Trieste 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