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Over the past decades, many studies have been carried out for exploration of more effective therapies against IC\/BPS. However, the results have been inconsistent, probably due to the multifactorial nature of IC\/BPS. We establish a model of IC\/BPS in mice by combining protamine sulfate \/lipopolysaccharide and phenylephrine. Typical histological changes and symptoms were observed. We then explored the effectiveness of artesunate (ART), which has been reported to alleviate autoimmune diseases. Phenotypic tests demonstrated a significant reduction in symptoms. Histological staining showed pathological improvement. WGCNA identified three gene modules specifically related to IC\/BPS, and six genes were identified as hub genes. CIBERSORT analysis showed that the activated NK cells seem to be decreased in IC modeling group and partially restored in IC\u2009+\u2009ART group, whereas the resting NK cells showed the opposite trend. Single\u2010cell transcriptomic analysis elaborated on the changing trends of subgroups of infiltrated immune cells, including T cells, NK cells, and dendritic cells. Our study represents our effort in establishing a reliable and reproducible IC\/BPS murine model, and the first study using scRNA\u2010seq in exploring the immune microenvironment of the IC\/BPS murine model, and the possible molecular mechanisms of ART treatment in IC\/BPS. Further studies are needed to confirm the effect of ART in IC\/BPS patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202401909r","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T09:59:58Z","timestamp":1733133598000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Artesunate remarkably alleviates interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome in a murine model: Novel molecular signature deciphered by bulk tissue and single\u2010cell transcriptomic analysis"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6451-0403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanyuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Zhejiang Cancer Hospital  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM) Chinese Academy of Sciences  Hangzhou 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