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Early research on milk cells indicated that they cross the infant's intestinal barrier and accumulate within systemic organs. However, due to the absence of modern analytical techniques, these studies were limited in scope and mechanistic analysis. To overcome this knowledge gap, we have investigated the transintestinal transport of milk cells and components in pups over a 21\u2010day period. Studies employed a\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    foster nursing model in which milk cells express a membrane\u2010bound fluorophore,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tdTomato<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . Using flow cytometry, we tracked the transport of milk cell\u2010derived components across local and systemic tissues, including the intestines, blood, thymus, mesenteric lymph nodes, and liver. These experiments identified milk\u2010derived fluorescent signals in intestinal epithelial and immune cells as well as liver macrophages in 7\u2010day\u2010old pups. However, the minute numbers of macrophages in mouse milk suggest that maternal cells are not systemically accumulating in the infant; instead, pup macrophages are consuming milk cell membrane components, such as apoptotic bodies or extracellular vesicles (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EVs<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ). Ex\u00a0vivo experiments using primary macrophages support this hypothesis, showing that immune cells preferentially consumed\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EVs<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    over milk cells. Together, these data suggest a more complex interplay between milk cells and the infant's immune and digestive systems than previously recognized and highlight the need for future research on the role of milk cells in infant health.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202402365r","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T08:16:26Z","timestamp":1737447386000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Maternal milk cell components are uptaken by infant liver macrophages via extracellular vesicle mediated transport"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6536-0523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rose","family":"Doerfler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Carnegie Mellon University  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 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