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Polystyrene (PS), used in many household items, degrades into polystyrene MPs (PS\u2010MPs), which accumulate in the environment. Chronic exposure to waterborne PS\u2010MPs was found to disrupt hepatic lipid metabolism in C57BL\/6N mice through inflammatory Kupffer cell polarization and IL\u201017\/NF\u2010\u03baB signaling pathways. While short\u2010term PS\u2010MPs exposure revealed preferential accumulation in the liver and testes, long\u2010term exposure (9\u201312\u2009weeks) induced significant increases in body fat percentage and hepatic lipid deposition independent of dietary changes. Mechanistically, chronic PS\u2010MPs exposure promoted Kupffer cell polarization toward pro\u2010inflammatory M1 phenotypes, accompanied by upregulated IL\u201017 expression and suppressed anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines. Western blot analysis demonstrated concurrent elevation of lipid synthesis markers with reduced lipid oxidation and transport proteins. These findings established that PS\u2010MPs accumulation drives hepatic steatosis through dual mechanisms of macrophage\u2010mediated inflammation and impaired lipid homeostasis pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202500910rr","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T13:49:26Z","timestamp":1756907366000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Chronic Waterborne Exposure to Polystyrene Microplastics Induces Kupffer Cell Polarization Imbalance and Hepatic Lipid Accumulation"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Ting","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Zhejiang Chinese Medical University  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health  Hangzhou 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