{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T06:05:35Z","timestamp":1790316335039,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003323","name":"Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida et les H\u00e9patites Virales","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22178"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003323","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GM103554"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM103554"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Olfactory disorders have been a hallmark of COVID\u201019. Since the emergence of Omicron, the prevalence of anosmia has dropped, reducing interest for Omicron pathophysiology in the nasal cavity. Using the hamster model, we show that despite a lower impact than early variants of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 (D614G), Omicron BA.1 infection leads to hyposmia as early as 2\u2009days postinfection (dpi). While the olfactory epithelium was mostly spared from Omicron infection at 2\u2009dpi, the respiratory epithelium was strongly infected with increased presence of inflammation markers, epithelial damage, and cellular debris in the lumen of the nasal cavity. The hyposmia caused by the early SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variant and Omicron BA.1 infection was similar at 4 and 8\u2009dpi. At 4\u2009dpi, Omicron successfully infected the olfactory epithelium although to a lesser extent than D614G. The BA.1 infection led to innate immune cell invasion and desquamation of the olfactory epithelium similarly as the D614G variant, with persistent inflammatory markers in the olfactory turbinates at 8\u2009dpi despite clearance of the virus. Overall, our results indicate that Omicron successfully infects the nasal epithelium including the olfactory epithelium, but with a delay and to a lesser extent than previous SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variants. These results are consistent with Omicron pathophysiology in humans showing a decreased olfactory threshold sensitivity that may be caused, as at the early stage in hamsters, by cellular debris filling the lumen of the olfactory cleft following epithelial damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202501431rr","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T13:31:49Z","timestamp":1753450309000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Omicron Impacts Olfaction in Hamsters"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Virginie","family":"Gu\u00e9rin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 1161 Virologie INRAE\u2010ENVA\u2010ANSES, \u00c9cole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d'Alfort  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mantasha","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Virologie et Immunologie Mol\u00e9culaires (UR892), INRAE Universit\u00e9 Paris\u2010Saclay  Jouy\u2010en\u2010Josas France"},{"name":"Viral Genetics and Biosecurity Unit (GVB) French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES)  Ploufragan France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Bourgon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Virologie et Immunologie Mol\u00e9culaires (UR892), INRAE Universit\u00e9 Paris\u2010Saclay  Jouy\u2010en\u2010Josas France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Younes","family":"Boujedli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 1161 Virologie INRAE\u2010ENVA\u2010ANSES, \u00c9cole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d'Alfort  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliette","family":"Jacquelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Virologie et Immunologie Mol\u00e9culaires (UR892), INRAE Universit\u00e9 Paris\u2010Saclay  Jouy\u2010en\u2010Josas France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher S.","family":"von Bartheld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Cell Biology University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine  Reno Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Martin\u2010Latil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 1161 Virologie INRAE\u2010ENVA\u2010ANSES, \u00c9cole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d'Alfort  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Klonjkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 1161 Virologie INRAE\u2010ENVA\u2010ANSES, \u00c9cole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d'Alfort  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Le Poder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 1161 Virologie INRAE\u2010ENVA\u2010ANSES, \u00c9cole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d'Alfort  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2769-647X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Meunier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Virologie et Immunologie Mol\u00e9culaires (UR892), INRAE Universit\u00e9 Paris\u2010Saclay  Jouy\u2010en\u2010Josas France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04389-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI174439"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04442-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04441-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12030430"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"32","article-title":"Prevalence of Olfactory Dysfunction in D614G, Alpha, Delta and Omicron Waves: A Psychophysical Case\u2010Control Study","volume":"61","author":"Vaira L. 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