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Its symptoms manifest much earlier\u2014often before the age of seven. With the disorder's continuous patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness, it gets in the way of academic, social, and occupational performance. Individuals affected by ADHD are found among all age groups, though its presentation may change over time. The mechanisms of ADHD seem to be very complex and multifactorial and include disturbances within neuroanatomical structures, neurochemical systems, and developmental trajectories. These influences create the characteristic behavior and cognitive profiles of an individual with ADHD that substantiate the heterogeneity of the disorder. This review will be centered on biology and development regarding ADHD, with contributions from modern scientific research. It will also delve into novel pharmacological therapeutic approaches for the management of ADHD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202501829rr","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T13:30:57Z","timestamp":1756992657000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Systems Biology Perspective on Childhood\n                    <scp>ADHD<\/scp>\n                    : Neurochemical Dysregulation, Brain\u2010Behavior Interactions, and Emerging Therapeutics"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Norah Suliman","family":"Alsoqih","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine Qassim University  Buraidah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsayed A.","family":"Elmorsy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy Qassim University  Buraidah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasha","family":"Abu\u2010Khudir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Faisal University  Hofuf Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameh","family":"Saber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy Delta University for Science and Technology  Gamasa Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noha","family":"Keshk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy Purdue University  West Lafayette Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6040-0575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma","family":"Elnaghy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy Mansoura National University  Gamasa Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabab S.","family":"Hamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences Department, College of Science King Faisal University  Hofuf Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Attalla F.","family":"El\u2010kott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science King Khalid University  Abha Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science Damanhour University  Damanhour Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Negm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Specialities, Basic Sciences and Their Applications Unit, Applied College King Khalid University  Abha Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"AlShehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science King Khalid University  Abha Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed A. 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