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We investigated the effects of intravenous Intralipid on the adipose tissue development of midgestation fetal sheep. Intralipid20 infusion was started in fetuses at 88\u201390\u2009days of gestation (dG) following clinical infant dosing guidance (0.5\u20131\u2009g\/kg\/d estimated body weight, increasing daily by 0.5\u20131\u2009g\/kg\/d to a maximum of 3\u2009g\/kg\/d). Intralipid increased perirenal fat weight, adipocyte size, and lipid accumulation. Expression of key adipogenic genes was upregulated, including\n                    <jats:italic>Pparg<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Peroxisome Proliferator\u2010Activated Receptor Gamma),\n                    <jats:italic>Fasn<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Fatty Acid Synthase),\n                    <jats:italic>Fabp4<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Adipocyte Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4),\n                    <jats:italic>Acca<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Acetyl\u2010CoA Carboxylase \u03b1), and\n                    <jats:italic>Cebpa<\/jats:italic>\n                    (CCAAT\/Enhancer\u2010Binding Protein Alpha), while downregulating\n                    <jats:italic>Pdgfra<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Platelet\u2010Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha),\n                    <jats:italic>Cidea<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Cell death\u2010inducing DNA fragmentation factor \u03b1\u2010like effector A),\n                    <jats:italic>Ppargc1a<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Peroxisome Proliferator\u2010Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1\u2010Alpha), and\n                    <jats:italic>Ucp1<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Uncoupling Protein 1). Similar changes were confirmed in omental fat. Intralipid elicited mild inflammation in both perirenal and omental fat by increasing the expression of\n                    <jats:italic>Tnfa<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Tumor Necrosis Factor\u2010Alpha), with upregulation of\n                    <jats:italic>Tlr4<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Toll\u2010Like Receptor\u20104), and\n                    <jats:italic>Tlr2<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Toll\u2010Like Receptor\u20102) specifically in perirenal fat. Notably, this inflammatory response occurred without elevation of\n                    <jats:italic>Il\u20106<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Interleukin\u20106) expression or NF\u2010\u03baB activation. Moreover, Intralipid treatment suppressed the expression of fibrosis\u2010related genes, including\n                    <jats:italic>Lh2b<\/jats:italic>\n                    (lysyl oxidase\u2010like 2b) and\n                    <jats:italic>P4ha<\/jats:italic>\n                    (prolyl 4\u2010hydroxylase). These findings suggest that Intralipid administration at a developmental stage prior to normal term enhances ovine adipogenic differentiation and lipid accumulation which might be protective to premature infants, but it might slightly induce inflammation in the adipose tissues.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202502000r","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T18:50:58Z","timestamp":1761763858000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Intralipid Infusion to Fetal Sheep (\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Ovis aries<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    ) Promotes Differentiation and Lipid Accumulation of Adipose Tissues"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7590-1543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinrui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences Washington State University  Pullman Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5166-2065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Alaniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Developmental Health Oregon Health &amp; Science University  Portland Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2628-0085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha","family":"Louey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Developmental Health Oregon Health &amp; Science University  Portland Oregon 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