{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T06:28:44Z","timestamp":1786516124250,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024JJ9009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JJ9009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Autophagy has been implicated in tissue remodeling, but its role in scleral remodeling during myopia development and in atropine\u2010mediated myopia control remains unclear. We investigated this issue using complementary in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo models. Human scleral fibroblasts (HSFs) were exposed to hypoxia and treated with rapamycin (RAPA) or 3\u2010methyladenine (3\u2010MA). Beclin\u20101 knockdown and bafilomycin A1 (BafA1)\u2010based LC3B II accumulation assays were used to assess the functional contribution of autophagy and autophagic flux. In\u00a0vivo, form\u2010deprivation myopia (FDM) was induced in guinea pigs, followed by atropine, RAPA, or 3\u2010MA intervention. Refractive error, axial length, scleral histology, extracellular matrix remodeling, autophagy\u2010related markers, and AMPK\/mTOR\/P70S6K signaling were evaluated. Hypoxia induced a remodeling phenotype in HSFs, characterized by decreased COL1A1 and increased MMP2\/\u03b1\u2010SMA, accompanied by increased autophagy. 3\u2010MA attenuated these changes, whereas RAPA aggravated them. Beclin\u20101 knockdown similarly suppressed hypoxia and RAPA\u2010associated remodeling changes and reduced autophagic flux, supporting a functional role of autophagy in hypoxia\u2010induced scleral fibroblast remodeling. In FDM guinea pigs, scleral tissue showed increased HIF\u20101\u03b1 expression, autophagy activation, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Both 0.05% and 1% atropine slowed myopia progression and axial elongation, improved scleral structural abnormalities, and suppressed autophagy\u2010related changes, with no significant difference between the two concentrations. Subconjunctival RAPA exacerbated, whereas 3\u2010MA alleviated, myopia progression and scleral remodeling. These findings suggest that excessive scleral autophagy links hypoxic stress to scleral extracellular matrix remodeling in experimental myopia. This process may also contribute to the anti\u2010myopic action of atropine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202600954rr","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T12:52:53Z","timestamp":1785761573000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Role of Autophagy in Scleral Remodeling During Form\u2010Deprivation Myopia"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7775-9688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shibo","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Aier Eye Hospital Group Co. 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