{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T06:34:26Z","timestamp":1793255666207,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We aimed to evaluate the effects of maternal diet and betaine supplementation during the suckling period on\n                    <jats:italic>Fgf21<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression and metabolic pathways related to FGF21 signaling and metabolic programming. Offspring of Wistar rats fed either a chow diet (CD) or a Western diet (WD) were studied at postnatal day 22 and at 7 months. During suckling, pups received betaine at a physiological dose corresponding to twice the average intake estimated from milk consumption, or a vehicle. After weaning onto a CD, all animals were switched to a WD from months four to seven. Biometric parameters, circulating markers, and gene expression in hypothalamus, retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (rWAT), and liver were analyzed, together with cecal\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Akkermansia muciniphila<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    abundance. At day 22, a maternal WD reduced hepatic\n                    <jats:italic>Fgf21<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression in both sexes; however, only males showed decreased\n                    <jats:italic>Klb<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression in rWAT, consistent with impaired FGF21 signaling. A maternal WD also reduced\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>A. muciniphila<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    abundance. Betaine increased\n                    <jats:italic>Fgfr1<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression in rWAT of female offspring from control dams. By seven months, betaine supplementation in males born to WD dams increased adiposity, and insulin and leptin levels, whereas females exhibited an improved plasma lipid profile (lower NEFA and TG). Hypothalamic\n                    <jats:italic>Drd2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Fgfr1<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression further showed sex\u2010specific modulation by the maternal diet and betaine. In conclusion, betaine supplementation during suckling exerts sex\u2010specific long\u2010term effects on metabolic programming. Females showed an improved lipid profile, whereas males, particularly those exposed to a maternal WD, developed increased adiposity and altered endocrine profiles. The findings suggest that early\u2010life betaine supplementation can modulate long\u2010term metabolic outcomes through sex\u2010specific effects on FGF21\u2010related pathways.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202603380r","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:26:50Z","timestamp":1792171610000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early\u2010Life Betaine Supplementation Drives Sex\u2010Specific Metabolic Programming in Rats, Affecting\n                    <scp>FGF21<\/scp>\n                    Signaling and Energy Balance"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Roc\u00edo A.","family":"Mart\u00edn\u2010Chamorro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation, NUBE) University of the Balearic Islands (UIB)  Palma Spain"},{"name":"Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa)  Palma Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8113-761X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catalina A.","family":"Pomar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation, NUBE) University of the Balearic Islands (UIB)  Palma Spain"},{"name":"Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa)  Palma Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN)  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IAIB)  Palma 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