{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T07:19:10Z","timestamp":1777792750904,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,7,1]],"date-time":"1996-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":836179200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Partial volume and mixed tissue sampling errors can cause significant inaccuracy in quantitative positron emission tomographic (PET) measurements. We previously described a method of correcting PET data for the effects of partial volume averaging on gray matter (GM) quantitation; however, this method may incompletely correct GM structures when local tissue concentrations are highly heterogeneous. We have extended this three-compartment algorithm to include a fourth compartment: a GM volume of interest (VOI) that can be delineated on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Computer simulations of PET images created from human MR data demonstrated errors of up to 120% in assigned activity values in small brain structures in uncorrected data. Four-compartment correction achieved full recovery of a wide range of coded activity in GM VOIs such as the amygdala, caudate, and thalamus. Further validation was performed in an agarose brain phantom in actual PET acquisitions. Implementation of this partial volume correction approach in [\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    F]fluorodeoxyglucose and [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]-carfentanil PET data acquired in a healthy elderly human subject was also performed. This newly developed MR-based partial volume correction algorithm permits the accurate determination of the true radioactivity concentration in specific structures that can be defined by MR by accounting for the influence of heterogeneity of GM radioactivity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199607000-00016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,18]],"date-time":"2003-11-18T09:01:15Z","timestamp":1069146075000},"page":"650-658","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["MR-Based Correction of Brain PET Measurements for Heterogeneous Gray Matter Radioactivity Distribution"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Carolyn Cidis","family":"Meltzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Neuroradiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A."},{"name":"Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A."}]},{"given":"Jon Kar","family":"Zubieta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A."}]},{"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Links","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A."},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A."}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Brakeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A."}]},{"given":"Martin J.","family":"Stumpf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A."}]},{"given":"J. James","family":"Frost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A."},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A."},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A."}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00004647-199607000-00016","first-page":"1681","volume":"34","author":"Alavi A","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"bibr2-00004647-199607000-00016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199305000-00024"},{"key":"bibr3-00004647-199607000-00016","first-page":"431","volume":"28","author":"Chawluk JB","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"bibr4-00004647-199607000-00016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.3.527"},{"key":"bibr5-00004647-199607000-00016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91666-1"},{"key":"bibr6-00004647-199607000-00016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-198609000-00015"},{"key":"bibr7-00004647-199607000-00016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.12.1563"},{"key":"bibr8-00004647-199607000-00016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1991.40"},{"key":"bibr9-00004647-199607000-00016","first-page":"1607","volume":"30","author":"Fazekas F","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"bibr10-00004647-199607000-00016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-198503000-00001"},{"key":"bibr11-00004647-199607000-00016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-198503000-00001"},{"key":"bibr12-00004647-199607000-00016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-07-04289.1994"},{"key":"bibr13-00004647-199607000-00016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1986.14"},{"key":"bibr14-00004647-199607000-00016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199107000-00021"},{"key":"bibr15-00004647-199607000-00016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.16.5.515"},{"key":"bibr16-00004647-199607000-00016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-197906000-00001"},{"key":"bibr17-00004647-199607000-00016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.181.3.1947089"},{"key":"bibr18-00004647-199607000-00016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-198406000-00028"},{"key":"bibr19-00004647-199607000-00016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.178.1.1984289"},{"key":"bibr20-00004647-199607000-00016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)91546-5"},{"key":"bibr21-00004647-199607000-00016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.169.3.3263666"},{"key":"bibr22-00004647-199607000-00016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-198907000-00006"},{"key":"bibr23-00004647-199607000-00016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/47.1.B26"},{"key":"bibr24-00004647-199607000-00016","unstructured":"Links JM, Zubieta JK, Meltzer CC, Stumpf MJ, Frost JJ (1975) Influence of spatially heterogeneous background activity on \u201cHot Object\u201d quantitation in brain emission computed tomography. 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