{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T23:58:58Z","timestamp":1790985538240,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/01.fjc.0000129581.81508.78","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,25]],"date-time":"2004-08-25T04:00:59Z","timestamp":1093406459000},"page":"278-286","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Comparison of the In Vitro Electrophysiologic and Proarrhythmic Effects of Amiodarone and Sotalol in a Rabbit Model of Acute Atrioventricular Block"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Milberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahram","family":"Ramtin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerold","family":"M\u00f6nnig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nani","family":"Osada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Wasmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcnter","family":"Breithardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilhelm","family":"Haverkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Eckardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(98)00043-1","article-title":"Experimental models of torsade de pointes.","volume":"39","author":"Eckardt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"R2-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(00)00119-X","article-title":"The potential for QT prolongation and pro-arrhythmia by non-anti- arrhythmic drugs: Clinical and regulatory implications: Report on a Policy Conference of the European Society of Cardiology.","volume":"47","author":"Haverkamp","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"R3-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(76)90807-9","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of amiodarone as an antiarrhythmic agent.","volume":"38","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"R4-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.19.2025","article-title":"Evidence-based analysis of amiodarone efficacy and safety.","volume":"100","author":"Connolly","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R5-2-20210208","first-page":"483","article-title":"Etude clinique dune nouvelle medication antiangoreuse.","volume":"2","author":"Vastesaeger","year":"1967","journal-title":"Acta Cardiologoca"},{"key":"R6-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1159\/000166244","article-title":"[Research on the benzofuran series. XL. Anti-arrhythmic properties of amiodarone].","volume":"54","author":"Charlier","year":"1969","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"R7-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-121-7-199410010-00009","article-title":"Amiodarone-associated proarrhythmic effects. A review with special reference to torsade de pointes tachycardia.","volume":"121","author":"Hohnloser","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R8-2-20210208","first-page":"411","article-title":"Amiodarone induced torsades de pointe. Report of three cases and review of literature.","volume":"44","author":"Jorens","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol"},{"key":"R9-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-111-7-574","article-title":"Amiodarone in patients with previous drug-mediated torsade de pointes. Long-term safety and efficacy.","volume":"111","author":"Mattioni","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R10-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1126\/science.161.3838.293","article-title":"Temporal relation between long-lasting aftercontractions and action potentials in cat papillary muscles.","volume":"161","author":"Kaumann","year":"1968","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R11-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(95)00234-U","article-title":"Mexiletine antagonizes effects of sotalol on QT interval duration and its proarrhythmic effects in a canine model of torsade de pointes.","volume":"26","author":"Chezalviel-Guilbert","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R12-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)02149-6","article-title":"Effect of d-sotalol on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after recent and remote myocardial infarction. The SWORD Investigators. Survival With Oral d-Sotalol.","volume":"348","author":"Waldo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R13-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.15.2004","article-title":"Instability and triangulation of the action potential predict serious proarrhythmia, but action potential duration prolongation is antiarrhythmic.","volume":"103","author":"Hondeghem","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R14-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.037911","article-title":"Divergent proarrhythmic potential of macrolide antibiotics despite similar QT prolongation: fast phase 3 repolarization prevents early afterdepolarizations and torsade de pointes.","volume":"303","author":"Milberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"R15-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-199809000-00013","article-title":"Drug-related torsade de pointes in the isolated rabbit heart: Comparison of clofilium, d,l-Sotalol and erythromycin.","volume":"32","author":"Eckardt","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"R16-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.300.1.64","article-title":"Electrophysiologic characterization of the antipsychotic drug sertindole in a rabbit heart model of torsade de pointes: low torsadogenic potential despite QT-prolongation.","volume":"300","author":"Eckardt","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"R17-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.046755","article-title":"Amiodarone-induced postrepolarization refractoriness suppresses induction of ventricular fibrillation.","volume":"305","author":"Kirchhof","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"R18-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1998.tb00925.x","article-title":"Divergent effect of acute ventricular dilatation on the electrophysiologic characteristics of d,l-sotalol and flecainide in the isolated rabbit heart.","volume":"9","author":"Eckardt","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"R19-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1995.tb06988.x","article-title":"Computer analysis of monophasic action potentials: Manual validation and clinically pertinent applications.","volume":"18","author":"Franz","year":"1995","journal-title":"PACE"},{"key":"R20-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.3.407","article-title":"Extracellular potassium modulation of drug block of I(Kr): Implications for torsade de pointes and reverse use-dependence.","volume":"93","author":"Yang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R21-2-20210208","first-page":"263","article-title":"La tachycardie ventriculaire a deux foyers opposes variables.","volume":"59","author":"Dessertenne","year":"1966","journal-title":"Arch Mal Coeur"},{"key":"R22-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(88)90357-3","article-title":"The effects of amiodarone on repolarization and refractoriness of cardiac fibers.","volume":"154","author":"Varro","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"R23-2-20210208","first-page":"53","article-title":"Antiarrhythmic actions of amiodarone: A profile of a paradoxical agent.","volume":"41-","author":"Singh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"R24-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8167.2003.02466.x","article-title":"Detection of proarrhythmia in the female rabbit heart: blinded validation.","volume":"14","author":"Hondeghem","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"R25-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.96.1.195","article-title":"Two components of cardiac delayed rectifier K+ current: differential sensitivity to block by class III antiarrhythmic agents.","volume":"96","author":"Sanguinetti","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Gen Physiol"},{"key":"R26-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.9.1317","article-title":"Short- and long-term effects of amiodarone on the two components of cardiac delayed rectifier K(+) current.","volume":"103","author":"Kamiya","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R27-2-20210208","first-page":"1213","article-title":"Amiodarone blocks the inward rectifier potassium channel in isolated guinea pig ventricular cells.","volume":"269","author":"Sato","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"R28-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1996.tb16713.x","article-title":"Comparison of the chronic and acute effects of amiodarone on the calcium and potassium currents in rabbit isolated cardiac myocytes.","volume":"117","author":"Varro","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"R29-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00584702","article-title":"Amiodarone blocks inactivated cardiac sodium channels.","volume":"396","author":"Mason","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"R30-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.76.2.442","article-title":"Frequency-dependent effects of amiodarone on atrioventricular nodal function and slow-channel action potentials: evidence for calcium channel-blocking activity.","volume":"76","author":"Nattel","year":"1987","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R31-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(76)90279-3","article-title":"The adrenergic antagonism of amiodarone.","volume":"25","author":"Polster","year":"1976","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"R32-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(72)90188-8","article-title":"Action of amiodarone on guinea-pig heart sodium and potassium activated adenosine triphosphatase.","volume":"21","author":"Broekhuysen","year":"1972","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"R33-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.81.2.686","article-title":"Class III antiarrhythmic agents have a lot of potential but a long way to go. Reduced effectiveness and dangers of reverse use dependence.","volume":"81","author":"Hondeghem","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R34-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1997.tb01018.x","article-title":"Chronic amiodarone reduces transmural dispersion of repolarization in the canine heart.","volume":"8","author":"Sicouri","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"R35-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1992.tb03029.x","article-title":"Frequency dependent effects of d-sotalol and amiodarone on the action potential duration of the human right ventricle.","volume":"15","author":"Huikuri","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"R36-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(97)00067-9","article-title":"van-der ZJ, et al. Role of interventricular dispersion of repolarization in acquired torsade-de-pointes arrhythmias: Reversal by magnesium.","volume":"34","author":"Verduyn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"R37-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1997.tb01014.x","article-title":"Differential effects of D-sotalol, quinidine, and amiodarone on dispersion of ventricular repolarization in the isolated rabbit heart.","volume":"8","author":"Zabel","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"R38-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(94)90582-7","article-title":"Effects of amiodarone, sematilide, and sotalol on QT dispersion.","volume":"74","author":"Cui","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"R39-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2722","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4701.099579","article-title":"Chronic amiodarone evokes no torsade de pointes arrhythmias despite QT lengthening in an animal model of acquired long-QT syndrome.","volume":"104","author":"van Opstal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R40-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-199424050-00004","article-title":"Antiarrhythmic agent amiodarone possesses calcium channel blocker properties.","volume":"24","author":"Lubic","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"R41-2-20210208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-200301000-00003","article-title":"Blinded test in isolated female rabbit heart reliably identifies action potential duration prolongation and proarrhythmic drugs: importance of triangulation, reverse use dependence, and instability.","volume":"41","author":"Hondeghem","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1097\/01.fjc.0000129581.81508.78","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T19:19:39Z","timestamp":1785784779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00005344-200409000-00002"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.fjc.0000129581.81508.78","relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-2446"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-2446","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]}}}