{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T09:58:04Z","timestamp":1784541484837,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose of review<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Local allergic rhinitis (LAR) is increasingly recognized as a distinct phenotype of chronic rhinitis, yet its prevalence and characteristics in Asia remain underexplored. Given the variability in reported LAR prevalence across regions, this review re-evaluates the allergy landscape in Asia, considering environmental and immunological factors, as well as study methodology that may contribute to differences from Western populations.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Recent findings<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>There were more Asian studies which reported lower prevalence (0\u201320%), in contrast to higher rates in Europe, particularly Mediterranean countries. Urbanization, air pollution, and high dust mite exposure may be important factors of nonatopic rhinitis in Asia. Diagnostic approaches, including nasal-specific IgE and provocation tests, vary across studies, impacting prevalence estimates.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The lower reported LAR prevalence in Asia suggests potential differences in underlying mechanisms or diagnostic limitations. Further research is needed to refine diagnostic criteria, explore environmental triggers, and assess the clinical relevance of LAR in Asian populations. A better understanding of LAR in Asia could guide targeted management strategies and improve recognition of this condition in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/aci.0000000000001069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T18:09:55Z","timestamp":1743530995000},"page":"135-143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Local allergic rhinitis in Asia: rethinking the allergy landscape"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Aneeza W.","family":"Hamizan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia"},{"name":"Allergy Unit, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Mukhriz, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salina","family":"Husain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia"},{"name":"Allergy Unit, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Mukhriz, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pongsakorn","family":"Tantilipikorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University"},{"name":"Mahidol University Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2020.100461","article-title":"Nasal specific IgE to Der p is not an acceptable screening test to predict the outcome of the nasal challenge test in patients with nonallergic rhinitis","volume":"13","author":"Santamaria","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J"},{"key":"R2-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515843","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2024.1515843","article-title":"Multiplex basophil activation tests for allergy diagnosis: present and future applications","volume":"5","author":"Koren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Allergy"},{"key":"R3-20250430","first-page":"1077","article-title":"Local allergic rhinitis - a narrative review","volume":"28","author":"Manole","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharm Sci"},{"key":"R4-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12606","article-title":"The proportion of local allergic rhinitis to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in children","volume":"27","author":"Buntarickpornpan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"R5-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2017.58.5.1047","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical characteristics of local allergic rhinitis to house dust mites","volume":"58","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"key":"R6-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1159\/000481091","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical characteristics of local allergic rhinitis in children sensitized to house dust mites","volume":"174","author":"Ha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"R7-20250430","first-page":"17","article-title":"Mucosal brushings for nasal specific IgE to predict house dust mite driven allergic rhinitis","volume":"17","author":"Hamizan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian Pacific J Allergy & Immunol"},{"key":"R8-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13640","article-title":"Endotypes of chronic rhinitis: a cluster analysis study","volume":"74","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"R9-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-023-08394-y","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of local allergic rhinitis sensitized to house dust mites in Asia","volume":"281","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol"},{"key":"R10-20250430","first-page":"313","article-title":"Specific immunoglobulin E in nasal secretions for the diagnosis of local allergic rhinitis","volume":"57","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"R11-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1159\/000485896","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and allergen sensitization patterns of patients with local allergic rhinitis in Southern China","volume":"175","author":"Tao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"R12-20250430","first-page":"111","article-title":"Prevalence of local allergic rhinitis to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in chronic rhinitis with negative skin prick test","volume":"39","author":"Tantilipikorn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian Pacific J Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"R13-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1159\/000447635","article-title":"The relevance of nasal provocation testing in children with nonallergic rhinitis","volume":"170","author":"Duman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"R14-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2017.32.12.2005","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of techniques for measuring nasal-specific immunoglobulin E in pediatric patients","volume":"32","author":"Ahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"R15-20250430","first-page":"354","article-title":"Skin prick test and serum specific IgE in predicting dust mite-induced allergic rhinitis diagnosed from nasal provocation test in chronic rhinitis children","volume":"42","author":"Klangkalya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"R16-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1177\/1945892418779435","article-title":"Responsiveness of nasal provocation testing\u2014but not skin test and specific immunoglobulin E blood level\u2014correlates with severity of allergic rhinitis in Dermatophagoides species-sensitized patients","volume":"32","author":"Wanjun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy"},{"key":"R17-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1177\/1945892419850926","article-title":"Nasal cytology as a diagnostic tool for local allergic rhinitis","volume":"33","author":"Phothijindakul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy"},{"key":"R18-20250430","first-page":"45","article-title":"Assessment of nasal immunoglobulin E level in atopic and nonatopic rhinitis patients: a tool for diagnosis of local allergic rhinitis","volume":"23","author":"ELBadawy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Egypt J Immunol"},{"key":"R19-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489416642785","article-title":"Identification and prevalence of allergic, nonallergic, and local allergic rhinitis patients in western area, Saudi Arabia","volume":"125","author":"Badran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"R20-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2007.01620.x","article-title":"Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA) 2008","volume":"63","author":"Bousquet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"R21-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2020.100129","article-title":"Nasal IgE in subjects with allergic and nonallergic rhinitis","volume":"13","author":"Eckrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J"},{"key":"R22-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2023.111645","article-title":"Local allergic rhinitis in children: clinical characteristics and role of basophil activation test as a diagnostic tool","volume":"172","author":"Gonzalez-Torres","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"R23-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1159\/000478656","article-title":"Local allergic rhinitis in adult patients with chronic nasal symptoms","volume":"173","author":"Krajewska-Wojtys","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"R24-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13021","article-title":"Detection of local allergic rhinitis in children with chronic, difficult-to-treat, nonallergic rhinitis using multiple nasal provocation tests","volume":"30","author":"Tsilochristou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"R25-20250430","first-page":"213","article-title":"The prevalence and characteristics of local allergic rhinitis in Poland","volume":"57","author":"Bozek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"R26-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2014.12.013","article-title":"Local allergic rhinitis in elderly patients","volume":"114","author":"Bozek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"R27-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"AB190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.12.1555","article-title":"Entopy: where art thou entopy?","volume":"135","author":"Adinoff","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R28-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2022.124313","article-title":"The aspects of local allergic rhinitis in Polish children and adolescents","volume":"40","author":"Bozek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Postepy Dermatologii I Alergologii"},{"key":"R29-20250430","first-page":"23","article-title":"Local allergic rhinitis in children: identification and characterization in a specialty outpatient clinic","volume":"01","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R30-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e198","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2016.30.4369","article-title":"Local allergic rhinitis to pollens is underdiagnosed in young patients","volume":"30","author":"Krajewska-Wojtys","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy"},{"key":"R31-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13474","article-title":"Systematic evaluation of allergic phenotypes of rhinitis in children and adolescents","volume":"32","author":"Prieto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"R32-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.18176\/jiaci.0018","article-title":"Seasonal local allergic rhinitis in areas with high concentrations of grass pollen","volume":"26","author":"Blanca-Lopez","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Invest Allergol Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R33-20250430","first-page":"174","article-title":"Local allergic rhinitis in pediatric patients: is IgE dosage in nasal lavage fluid a useful diagnostic method in children?","volume":"6","author":"Colavita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Cell Med"},{"key":"R34-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2016.30.4352","article-title":"Local allergic rhinitis in children: novel diagnostic features and potential biomarkers","volume":"30","author":"Zicari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy"},{"key":"R35-20250430","article-title":"Investigation of the diagnostic accuracy of basophil activation test for allergic phenotypes of rhinitis","author":"Testera-Montes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"R36-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.18176\/jiaci.0321","article-title":"Contribution of in vivo and in vitro testing for the diagnosis of local allergic rhinitis","volume":"29","author":"Ferreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R37-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14206","article-title":"Coexistence of nasal reactivity to allergens with and without IgE sensitization in patients with allergic rhinitis","volume":"75","author":"Eguiluz-Gracia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"R38-20250430","first-page":"59","article-title":"Sensitization to indigenous pollen and molds and other outdoor and indoor allergens in allergic patients from Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Sudan","volume":"5","author":"Hasnain","year":"2012","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J"},{"key":"R39-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.01.179","article-title":"Air pollution and its effects on the immune system","volume":"151","author":"Glencross","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"R40-20250430","first-page":"77","article-title":"Management of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in the Asia-Pacific region and Russia: recommendations from an expert working group","volume":"14","author":"Karpischenko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asia Pac Allergy"},{"key":"R41-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2701","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12072701","article-title":"Overview of atopic dermatitis in different ethnic groups","volume":"12","author":"Chiricozzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"R42-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9091965","article-title":"Respiratory and neurological disease across different ethnic groups is influenced by the Microbiome","volume":"9","author":"Peace","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"R43-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2008.01695.x","article-title":"Seasonal idiopathic rhinitis with local inflammatory response and specific IgE in absence of systemic response","volume":"63","author":"Rond\u00f3n","year":"2008","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"R44-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s43163-023-00413-3","article-title":"The modification, translation, and validation of the Malaysian version of Score for Allergic Rhinitis (SFAR) questionnaire","volume":"39","author":"Cheah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Egypt J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"R45-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.2002.1o3170.x","article-title":"The score for allergic rhinitis (SFAR): a simple and valid assessment method in population studies","volume":"57","author":"Annesi-Maesano","year":"2002","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"R46-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1159\/000509438","article-title":"Potential differences between local and systemic allergic rhinitis induced by Birch pollen","volume":"181","author":"Bozek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"R48-20250430","first-page":"181","article-title":"Aeroallergen sensitization and allergic disease phenotypes in Asia","volume":"34","author":"Tham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"R49-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.02.014","article-title":"Nasal allergen challenge (NAC): practical aspects and applications from an EU\/US perspective-a Work Group Report of the AAAAI Rhinitis, Rhinosinusitis and Ocular Allergy Committee","volume":"151","author":"Cho","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R50-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.14406","article-title":"Evaluation of the reproducibility of responses to nasal allergen challenge and effects of inhaled nasal corticosteroids","volume":"53","author":"Bauer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"R51-20250430","article-title":"Mucosal brushings for nasal specific IgE to predict house dust mite driven allergic rhinitis","author":"Hamizan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"R52-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2023.100852","article-title":"Role of autophagy and mitophagy of group 2 innate lymphoid cells in allergic and local allergic rhinitis","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J"},{"key":"R53-20250430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23175","article-title":"Allergen exposure boosts peripheral Th9 responses in patients with local allergic rhinitis","volume":"13","author":"Palomares","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Allergy &amp; Clinical Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/ACI.0000000000001069","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T10:00:29Z","timestamp":1746007229000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/ACI.0000000000001069"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/aci.0000000000001069","relation":{},"ISSN":["1473-6322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1473-6322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}}}