{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T16:51:58Z","timestamp":1791046318510,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/aci.0b013e328355b865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,13]],"date-time":"2012-06-13T01:28:10Z","timestamp":1339550890000},"page":"376-382","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Immunological mechanisms of epidermal damage in toxic epidermal necrolysis"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mikiko","family":"Tohyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.2276","article-title":"Spontaneous adverse event reports of Stevens-Johnson syndrometoxic epidermal necrolysis: detecting associations with medications.","volume":"21","author":"Papay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"R2-8-20210128","first-page":"3","article-title":"Toxic epidermal necrolysis: revisiting the tentative link between early apoptosis and late necrosis (review).","volume":"19","author":"Paquet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"R3-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2010.512915","article-title":"Facing up to toxic epidermal necrolysis.","volume":"11","author":"Pierard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"R4-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1159\/000097652","article-title":"Glutathione-S-transferase pi expression in toxic epidermal necrolysis: a marker of putative oxidative stress in keratinocytes.","volume":"20","author":"Paquet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"R5-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2009.3","article-title":"Cell death mechanisms induced by cytotoxic lymphocytes.","volume":"6","author":"Chavez-Galan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"R6-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1097\/00000372-200010000-00005","article-title":"Immunoregulatory effector cells in drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis.","volume":"22","author":"Paquet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"key":"R7-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2010.01176.x","article-title":"Death ligand TRAIL, secreted by CD1a and CD14 cells in blister fluids, is involved in killing keratinocytes in toxic epidermal necrolysis.","volume":"20","author":"de Araujo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"R8-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1985.tb02356.x","article-title":"Involvement of macrophages in the pathology of toxic epidermal necrolysis.","volume":"113","author":"Roujeau","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"R9-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10649.x","article-title":"Possible involvement of CD14 CD16 monocyte lineage cells in the epidermal damage of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.","volume":"166","author":"Tohyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"R11-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.09.029","article-title":"Toxic epidermal necrolysis: review of pathogenesis and management.","volume":"66","author":"Downey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"R12-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200003000-00017","article-title":"Treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis with cyclosporin A.","volume":"48","author":"Arevalo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"R13-8-20210128","first-page":"24","article-title":"Cyclosporine for SJSTEN: a case series and review of the literature.","volume":"87","author":"Reese","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"R14-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09863.x","article-title":"Open trial of ciclosporin treatment for Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.","volume":"163","author":"Valeyrie-Allanore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"R15-8-20210128","first-page":"236","article-title":"Efficacy of plasmapheresis for the treatment of severe toxic epidermal necrolysis: is cytokine expression analysis useful in predicting its therapeutic efficacy J D","volume":"38","author":"Narita","year":"2011","journal-title":"ermatol"},{"key":"R16-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5388.490","article-title":"Inhibition of toxic epidermal necrolysis by blockade of CD95 with human intravenous immunoglobulin.","volume":"282","author":"Viard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R17-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62065-0","article-title":"Improvement of toxic epidermal necrolysis after the early administration of a single high dose of intravenous immunoglobulin.","volume":"91","author":"Mayorga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"R19-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2009.00616.x","article-title":"Toxic epidermal necrolysis successfully treated with etanercept.","volume":"36","author":"Gubinelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"R20-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0462","article-title":"Beneficial and rapid effect of infliximab on the course of toxic epidermal necrolysis.","volume":"88","author":"Wojtkiewicz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"R21-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1993.01680250078010","article-title":"Cutaneous T-cell recruitment in toxic epidermal necrolysis. Further evidence of CD8 lymphocyte involvement.","volume":"129","author":"Correia","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"R22-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2000.01119.x","article-title":"Blister fluid T lymphocytes during toxic epidermal necrolysis are functional cytotoxic cells which express human natural killer (NK) inhibitory receptors.","volume":"119","author":"Le Cleach","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"R23-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.01622.x","article-title":"Drug specific cytotoxic T-cells in the skin lesions of a patient with toxic epidermal necrolysis.","volume":"118","author":"Nassif","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"R24-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2011.02677.x","article-title":"NKp46 cells express granulysin in multiple cutaneous adverse drug reactions.","volume":"66","author":"Schlapbach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"R25-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2002.120563","article-title":"Delayed reactions to drugs show levels of perforin, granzyme B, and Fas-L to be related to disease severity.","volume":"109","author":"Posadas","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R26-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.07.047","article-title":"Toxic epidermal necrolysis: effector cells are drug-specific cytotoxic T cells.","volume":"114","author":"Nassif","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R27-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64284-8","article-title":"Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome are induced by soluble Fas ligand.","volume":"162","author":"Abe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"R28-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.06.013","article-title":"Increased soluble Fas ligand levels in patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis preceding skin detachment.","volume":"122","author":"Murata","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R29-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08750.x","article-title":"A marked increase in serum soluble Fas ligand in drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome.","volume":"159","author":"Tohyama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"R30-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700648","article-title":"Soluble FAS ligand: a discriminating feature between drug-induced skin eruptions and viral exanthemas.","volume":"127","author":"Stur","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"R31-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.01.064","article-title":"The influence of hepatic damage on serum soluble Fas ligand levels of patients with drug rashes.","volume":"123","author":"Tohyama","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R32-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1884","article-title":"Granulysin is a key mediator for disseminated keratinocyte death in Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.","volume":"14","author":"Chung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"R33-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2005.00970.x","article-title":"Granulysin: a novel host defense molecule.","volume":"5","author":"Krensky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"R34-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.04.042","article-title":"Rapid immunochromatographic test for serum granulysin is useful for the prediction of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.","volume":"65","author":"Fujita","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"R35-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-7-200910060-00016","article-title":"Granulysin as a marker for early diagnosis of the Stevens-Johnson syndrome.","volume":"151","author":"Abe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R36-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2010.01170.x","article-title":"Evaluation of serum cytokine levels in toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome compared with other delayed-type adverse drug reactions.","volume":"38","author":"Nomura","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"R37-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(96)10029-3","article-title":"Heterogeneity of human blood monocytes: the CD14 CD16 subpopulation.","volume":"17","author":"Ziegler-Heitbrock","year":"1996","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"key":"R38-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3418","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830251232","article-title":"CD14lowCD16high: a cytokine-producing monocyte subset which expands during human immunodeficiency virus infection.","volume":"25","author":"Thieblemont","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"R39-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V87.1.373.373","article-title":"Differential cytokine expression in human blood monocyte subpopulations: a polymerase chain reaction analysis.","volume":"87","author":"Frankenberger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"R40-8-20210128","first-page":"209","article-title":"Demonstration of direct involvement of cytokines in graft-versus-host reactions using an in vitro human skin explant model.","volume":"7","author":"Dickinson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"R41-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.52.12.910","article-title":"A human skin explant model for predicting graft-versus-host disease following bone marrow transplantation.","volume":"52","author":"Sviland","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"R42-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-202x.2001.01477.x","article-title":"Role of NF-kappaB activity in apoptotic response of keratinocytes mediated by interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and tumor-necrosis-factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand.","volume":"117","author":"Qin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"R43-8-20210128","first-page":"553","article-title":"Regulation of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand sensitivity in primary and transformed human keratinocytes.","volume":"60","author":"Leverkus","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"R44-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2010.178","article-title":"Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-kappaB signaling.","volume":"21","author":"Morgan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"R45-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.11.005","article-title":"TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and TNF-alpha cooperate in the induction of keratinocyte apoptosis.","volume":"127","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R46-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.08.013","article-title":"Shared and restricted T-cell receptor use is crucial for carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome.","volume":"128","author":"Ko","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R47-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2011.12.002","article-title":"The predominant drug-specific T-cell population may switch from cytotoxic T cells to regulatory T cells during the course of anticonvulsant-induced hypersensitivity.","volume":"65","author":"Hanafusa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"R48-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2010.01173.x","article-title":"Animal models of toxic epidermal necrolysis.","volume":"38","author":"Azukizawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"R49-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8071","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0804002","article-title":"Defective regulatory T cells in patients with severe drug eruptions: timing of the dysfunction is associated with the pathological phenotype and outcome.","volume":"182","author":"Takahashi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R50-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5571","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.8.5571","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy affects T regulatory cells by increasing their suppressive function.","volume":"179","author":"Kessel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R51-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3303","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-02-138073","article-title":"Activation of natural regulatory T cells by IgG Fc-derived peptide Tregitopes.","volume":"112","author":"De Groot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"R52-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5916","article-title":"Induction of regulatory T cells by infliximab in Behcets disease.","volume":"52","author":"Sugita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R53-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21308","article-title":"Therapy with anti-TNFalpha antibody enhances number and function of Foxp3() regulatory T cells in inflammatory bowel diseases.","volume":"17","author":"Boschetti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"R54-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0306164","article-title":"DAMPs, PAMPs and alarmins: all we need to know about danger.","volume":"81","author":"Bianchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"R55-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09627.x","article-title":"Differential gene expression in drug hypersensitivity reactions: induction of alarmins in severe bullous diseases.","volume":"162","author":"Bellon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"R56-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2010.02484.x","article-title":"Expression of alpha-defensin 1-3 in T cells from severe cutaneous drug-induced hypersensitivity reactions.","volume":"66","author":"Morel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"R57-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2011.239","article-title":"High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) as a novel diagnostic tool for toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.","volume":"147","author":"Nakajima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"R58-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2005.06.003","article-title":"Interfacing T-cell effector and regulatory function through CD137 (4-1BB) co-stimulation.","volume":"26","author":"Myers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"R59-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5037","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.9.5037","article-title":"Cutting edge: 4-1BB is a bona fide CD8 T cell survival signal.","volume":"162","author":"Takahashi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R60-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4882","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.9.4882","article-title":"4-1BB promotes the survival of CD8 T lymphocytes by increasing expression of Bcl-xL and Bfl-1.","volume":"169","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R61-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.186.1.47","article-title":"4-1BB costimulatory signals preferentially induce CD8 T cell proliferation and lead to the amplification in vivo of cytotoxic T cell responses.","volume":"186","author":"Shuford","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"R62-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxm106","article-title":"Co-stimulation with 4-1BB ligand allows extended T-cell proliferation, synergizes with CD80CD86 and can reactivate anergic T cells.","volume":"19","author":"Habib-Agahi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"R63-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737800","article-title":"CD137 ligand reverse signaling has multiple functions in human dendritic cells during an adaptive immune response.","volume":"38","author":"Lippert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"R64-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxp077","article-title":"A novel approach to induce human DCs from monocytes by triggering 4-1BBL reverse signaling.","volume":"21","author":"Ju","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"R65-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2011.01.002","article-title":"Preparations of intravenous immunoglobulins diminish the number and proinflammatory response of CD14CD16 monocytes in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) patients.","volume":"139","author":"Siedlar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R66-8-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4239","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.6.4239","article-title":"Interaction between transmembrane TNF and TNFR12 mediates the activation of monocytes by contact with T cells.","volume":"179","author":"Rossol","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Allergy & Clinical Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/ACI.0b013e328355b865","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T08:51:30Z","timestamp":1714035090000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00130832-201208000-00008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/aci.0b013e328355b865","relation":{},"ISSN":["1528-4050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1528-4050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]}}}