{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T14:27:55Z","timestamp":1787668075383,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/ajp.0b013e3181e15b83","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,15]],"date-time":"2010-06-15T07:25:31Z","timestamp":1276586731000},"page":"528-532","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["\u201cBurning Tongue\u201d and \u201cBurning Tip\u201d: The Diagnostic Challenge of the Burning Mouth Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Paola","family":"Penza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Majorana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Camozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Bonadeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Sapelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Lauria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-9-20210204","first-page":"615","article-title":"Burning mouth syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Grushka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"R2-9-20210204","article-title":"Descriptions of Chronic Pain Syndromes and Definitions of Pain Terms. 2nd ed","author":"Merksey","year":"1994"},{"key":"R3-9-20210204","first-page":"CD002779","article-title":"Interventions for the treatment of burning mouth syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Zakrzewska","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"R4-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1999.tb02052.x","article-title":"Burning mouth syndrome: prevalence and associated factors","volume":"28","author":"Bergdahl","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"R5-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130301400405","article-title":"Update on burning mouth syndrome: overview and patient management","volume":"14","author":"Scala","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oral Biol Med"},{"key":"R6-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(87)90336-7","article-title":"Clinical features of burning mouth syndrome","volume":"63","author":"Grushka","year":"1987","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol"},{"key":"R7-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4806969","article-title":"Oral medicine in practice: burning mouth syndrome","volume":"167","author":"Lamey","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Dent"},{"key":"R8-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-008-0047-9","article-title":"Burning mouth syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Speciali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"R9-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0714.2003.00020.x","article-title":"Candida-induced stomatopyrosis and its relation to diabetes mellitus","volume":"32","author":"Vitkov","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"R10-9-20210204","first-page":"E167","article-title":"Drug-induced burning mouth syndrome: a new etiological diagnosis","volume":"13","author":"Salort-Llorca","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal"},{"key":"R11-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2006.08.001","article-title":"Burning mouth syndrome and peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"21","author":"Moore","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"R12-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2005.01209.x","article-title":"Salivary interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients with burning mouth syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Boras","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"R13-9-20210204","first-page":"E252","article-title":"Oral burning symptoms and burning mouth syndrome-significance of different variables in 150 patients","volume":"11","author":"Brailo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal"},{"key":"R14-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-2358.2007.00158.x","article-title":"Burning mouth syndrome (BMS): sialometric and sialochemical analysis and salivary protein profile","volume":"24","author":"de Moura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gerodontology"},{"key":"R15-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2007.07.030","article-title":"Burning mouth syndrome and burning mouth in hypothyroidism: proposal for a diagnostic and therapeutic protocol","volume":"105","author":"Femiano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"R16-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2005.03.010","article-title":"Association between regional idiopathic neuropathy and salivary involvement as the possible mechanism for oral sensory complaints","volume":"6","author":"Granot","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"R17-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2008.0281","article-title":"Burning mouth syndrome: an evaluation of in vivo microcirculation","volume":"139","author":"Scardina","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"R18-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2007.08.014","article-title":"Soluble CD14 and toll-like receptor-2 are potential salivary biomarkers for oral lichen planus and burning mouth syndrome","volume":"126","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R19-9-20210204","first-page":"409","article-title":"Lack of association between burning mouth syndrome and hematinic deficiencies","volume":"6","author":"Vucicevic-Boras","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"R20-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annder.2007.11.009","article-title":"The value of allergy survey in a retrospective series of 40 patients with burning-mouth syndrome (stomatodynia)","volume":"135","author":"Machet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"R21-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0722.2003.00045.x","article-title":"Burning mouth syndrome: experiences from the perspective of female patients","volume":"111","author":"Hakeberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"key":"R22-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2003.09.017","article-title":"Psychological profile in burning mouth syndrome","volume":"97","author":"Al Quran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"R23-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.19.1.84.62182","article-title":"Personality disorders in patients with burning mouth syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Maina","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Personal Disord"},{"key":"R24-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(94)90060-4","article-title":"Prevalence of psychopathology in burning mouth syndrome. A comparative study among patients with and without psychiatric disorders and controls","volume":"78","author":"Rojo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol"},{"key":"R25-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199805000-00028","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity in patients with burning mouth syndrome","volume":"60","author":"Bogetto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"R26-9-20210204","first-page":"59","article-title":"Psychosocial profiles of patients with burning mouth syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Carlson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Orofac Pain"},{"key":"R27-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-8532(22)01347-7","article-title":"Burning mouth syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Grushka","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dent Clin North Am"},{"key":"R28-9-20210204","first-page":"504","article-title":"Etiology and investigation of the sore mouth","volume":"43","author":"Brooke","year":"1977","journal-title":"Dent J"},{"key":"R29-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3109\/00016359509005936","article-title":"Personality characteristics of patients with resistant burning mouth syndrome","volume":"53","author":"Bergdahl","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"R30-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(02)00052-0","article-title":"Sensory dysfunction in burning mouth syndrome","volume":"99","author":"Forssell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R31-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2007.0234","article-title":"Evidence of chorda tympani dysfunction in patients with burning mouth syndrome","volume":"138","author":"Eliav","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"R32-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(02)00323-8","article-title":"Striatal dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in burning mouth syndrome","volume":"101","author":"Hagelberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R33-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.03.028","article-title":"Trigeminal small-fiber sensory neuropathy causes burning mouth syndrome","volume":"115","author":"Lauria","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R34-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.06.119","article-title":"Overexpression of artemin in the tongue increases expression of TRPV1 and TRPA1 in trigeminal afferents and causes oral sensitivity to capsaicin and mustard oil","volume":"1230","author":"Elitt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"R35-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2006.09.002","article-title":"Burning mouth syndrome as a trigeminal small fibre neuropathy: Increased heat and capsaicin receptor TRPV1 in nerve fibres correlates with pain score","volume":"14","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"R36-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45327","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/45327","article-title":"Serum interleukin-6 in patients with burning mouth syndrome and relationship with depression and perceived pain","volume":"2007","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"R37-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2008.00668.x","article-title":"Serum cytokine and T regulatory cell levels in patients with burning mouth syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Pekiner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"R38-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000265062.92340.a5","article-title":"Differential expression of cytokines in painful and painless neuropathies","volume":"69","author":"Uceyler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R39-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20151","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709250104","article-title":"Chemokines and the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain","volume":"104","author":"White","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"R40-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612053381701","article-title":"Cytokines as a precipitant of depressive illness: animal and human studies","volume":"11","author":"Anisman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"R41-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s004060170058","article-title":"Different immune patterns in melancholic and non-melancholic major depression","volume":"251","author":"Rothermundt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"R42-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20213","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the factor structures of four depression questionnaires: Beck, CES-D, Hamilton, and Zung","volume":"62","author":"Shafer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"R43-9-20210204","article-title":"Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory","author":"Spielberger","year":"1970"},{"key":"R44-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","article-title":"The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research","volume":"28","author":"Buysse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"R45-9-20210204","article-title":"SF-36 Physical and Mental Summary Scales: A User's Manual","author":"Ware","year":"1994"},{"key":"R46-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1993.0200","article-title":"Estimated prevalence and distribution of reported orofacial pain in the United States","volume":"124","author":"Lipton","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"R47-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1993.tb00723.x","article-title":"Burning mouth in a Finnish adult population","volume":"21","author":"Tammiala-Salonen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"R48-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wco.0000177330.35147.70","article-title":"Small fibre neuropathies","volume":"18","author":"Lauria","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"R49-9-20210204","first-page":"E299","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment of burning mouth syndrome: a review and update","volume":"12","author":"Minguez Serra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal"},{"key":"R50-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39192.488125.BE","article-title":"Skin biopsy: a new tool for diagnosing peripheral neuropathy","volume":"334","author":"Lauria","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R51-9-20210204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s004180050228","article-title":"Innervation of developing human taste buds. An immunohistochemical study","volume":"109","author":"Witt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"}],"container-title":["The Clinical Journal of Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00002508-201007000-00009","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T18:31:17Z","timestamp":1786041077000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00002508-201007000-00009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ajp.0b013e3181e15b83","relation":{},"ISSN":["0749-8047"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0749-8047","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]}}}