{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:19:20Z","timestamp":1789103960970,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that botulinum toxin would prolong the duration of a lumbar sympathetic block measured through a sustained increase in skin temperature. The authors performed a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial to investigate the clinical outcome of botulinum toxin type A for lumbar sympathetic ganglion block in patients with complex regional pain syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Lumbar sympathetic ganglion block was conducted in patients with lower-extremity complex regional pain syndrome using 75 IU of botulinum toxin type A (botulinum toxin group) and local anesthetic (control group). The primary outcome was the change in the relative temperature difference on the blocked sole compared with the contralateral sole at 1 postoperative month. The secondary outcomes were the 3-month changes in relative temperature differences, as well as the pain intensity changes.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A total of 48 participants (N = 24\/group) were randomly assigned. The change in relative temperature increase was higher in the botulinum toxin group than in the control group (1.0\u00b0C \u00b1 1.3 <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">vs.<\/jats:italic> 0.1\u00b0C \u00b1 0.8, respectively; difference: 0.9\u00b0C [95% CI, 0.3 to 1.5]; <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.006), which was maintained at 3 months (1.1\u00b0C \u00b1 0.8 <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">vs.<\/jats:italic> \u20130.2\u00b0C \u00b1 1.2, respectively; <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.009). Moreover, pain intensity was greatly reduced in the botulinum toxin group compared with the control group at 1 month (\u20132.2 \u00b1 1.0 <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">vs.<\/jats:italic> \u20131.0 \u00b1 1.6, respectively; <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.003) and 3 months (\u20132.0 \u00b1 1.0 <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">vs.<\/jats:italic> \u20130.6 \u00b1 1.6, respectively; <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.003). There were no severe adverse events pertinent to botulinum toxin injection.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In patients with complex regional pain syndrome, lumbar sympathetic ganglion block using botulinum toxin type A increased the temperature of the affected foot for 3 months and also reduced the pain.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Editor\u2019s Perspective<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>What We Already Know about This Topic<\/jats:title>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>What This Article Tells Us That Is New<\/jats:title>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/aln.0000000000004084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T14:06:02Z","timestamp":1639145162000},"page":"314-325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Botulinum Toxin Type A for Lumbar Sympathetic Ganglion Block in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Randomized Trial"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Yongjae","family":"Yoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-Soon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jungsoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Current Position: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongwon","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jee Youn","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.04.030","article-title":"Validation of proposed diagnostic criteria (the \u201cBudapest Criteria\u201d) for complex regional pain syndrome.","volume":"150","author":"Harden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"R2-20251011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h2730","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h2730","article-title":"Complex regional pain syndrome.","volume":"351","author":"Bruehl","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"R3-20251011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.10.088","article-title":"Does temperature increase by sympathetic neurolysis improve pain in complex regional pain syndrome?: A retrospective cohort study.","volume":"109","author":"Dev","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"R4-20251011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091314","article-title":"A randomized comparison between 4, 6 and 8\u2009mL of local anesthetic for ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block.","volume":"8","author":"Yoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"R5-20251011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2019.32.4.292","article-title":"Complex regional pain syndrome in the young male population: A retrospective study of 200 Korean young male patients.","volume":"32","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J Pain."},{"key":"R6-20251011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199103000-00012","article-title":"Percutaneous lumbar sympathectomy: A comparison of radiofrequency denervation versus phenol neurolysis.","volume":"74","author":"Haynsworth","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"R7-20251011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000298285.39480.28","article-title":"Management of lower limb complex regional pain syndrome type 1: An evaluation of percutaneous radiofrequency thermal lumbar sympathectomy versus phenol lumbar sympathetic neurolysis\u2013A pilot study.","volume":"106","author":"Manjunath","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesth Analg."},{"key":"R8-20251011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aet552","article-title":"Susceptibility of the genitofemoral and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves to complications from lumbar sympathetic blocks: Is there a morphological reason?","volume":"112","author":"Feigl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth."},{"key":"R9-20251011","first-page":"1340","article-title":"Chemical lumbar sympathetic block in the treatment of plantar hyperhidrosis: A study of 69 patients.","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg."},{"key":"R10-20251011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-00115550-199520010-00002","article-title":"Radiofrequency lumbar sympatholysis. 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