{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T03:01:37Z","timestamp":1784257297505,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anesthesiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Because of the relative lack of understanding of the mechanisms that drive skeletal pain, the purpose of this study was to adapt a previously validated closed femur fracture model to quantitatively evaluate skeletal pain in female and male rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three-month-old female and male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized, and a stainless steel pin was inserted into the intramedullary space of the left femur. Three weeks later, the rats were reanesthetized, and left femoral diaphyses were fractured using a standardized impactor device. At 1-21 days after fracture, skeletal pain was measured by quantitatively assessing spontaneous guarding, spontaneous flinching, and weight bearing of the fractured hind limb.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Females and males showed highly robust pain behaviors that were maximal at day 1 after fracture and returned gradually to normal nonfractured levels at days 14-21 after fracture. The magnitude of fracture pain was not significantly different at most time points between female and male rats. In both females and males, the pain-related behaviors were attenuated by subcutaneous morphine in a dose-dependent manner.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This model may help in developing a mechanism-based understanding of the factors that generate and maintain fracture pain in both females and males and in translating these findings into new therapies for treating fracture pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/aln.0b013e3181649351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,5]],"date-time":"2009-03-05T09:38:56Z","timestamp":1236245936000},"page":"473-483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["A Fracture Pain Model in the Rat"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Katie\u00a0T.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Junior Scientist, Neurosystems Center and Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan\u00a0J.","family":"Koewler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Junior Scientist, Neurosystems Center and Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan\u00a0M.","family":"Jimenez-Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Associate, Neurosystems Center and Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota. Current Position: Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan\u00a0J.","family":"Buus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Scientist."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica\u00a0B.","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postdoctoral Associate, Neurosystems Center and Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota. Current Position: Research Associate, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl\u00a0D.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Junior Scientist, Neurosystems Center and Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph\u00a0R.","family":"Ghilardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Scientist, Research Service, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael\u00a0A.","family":"Kuskowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Statistician, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick\u00a0W.","family":"Mantyh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Neurosystems Center and Departments of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Cancer Center, University of Minnesota. Current position: Professor, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R3-20-20251014"},{"key":"R5-20-20251014"},{"key":"R7-20-20251014"},{"key":"R8-20-20251014"},{"key":"R9-20-20251014"},{"key":"R10-20-20251014"},{"key":"R11-20-20251014"},{"key":"R12-20-20251014"},{"key":"R13-20-20251014"},{"key":"R14-20-20251014"},{"key":"R15-20-20251014"},{"key":"R16-20-20251014"},{"key":"R17-20-20251014"},{"key":"R18-20-20251014"},{"key":"R19-20-20251014"},{"key":"R20-20-20251014"},{"key":"R21-20-20251014"},{"key":"R22-20-20251014"},{"key":"R23-20-20251014"},{"key":"R24-20-20251014"},{"key":"R25-20-20251014"},{"key":"R27-20-20251014"},{"key":"R28-20-20251014"},{"key":"R29-20-20251014"},{"key":"R30-20-20251014"},{"key":"R31-20-20251014"},{"key":"R32-20-20251014"},{"key":"R33-20-20251014"},{"key":"R34-20-20251014"},{"key":"R35-20-20251014"},{"key":"R36-20-20251014"},{"key":"R37-20-20251014"},{"key":"R38-20-20251014"},{"key":"R39-20-20251014"},{"key":"R40-20-20251014"},{"key":"R41-20-20251014"},{"key":"R42-20-20251014"},{"key":"R43-20-20251014"},{"key":"R44-20-20251014"},{"key":"R45-20-20251014"},{"key":"R46-20-20251014"},{"key":"R47-20-20251014"},{"key":"R48-20-20251014"},{"key":"R49-20-20251014"},{"key":"R50-20-20251014"},{"key":"R51-20-20251014"},{"key":"R52-20-20251014"},{"key":"R53-20-20251014"},{"key":"R54-20-20251014"},{"key":"R55-20-20251014"},{"key":"R56-20-20251014"},{"key":"R57-20-20251014"},{"key":"R58-20-20251014"},{"key":"R59-20-20251014"},{"key":"R60-20-20251014"},{"key":"R61-20-20251014"},{"key":"R62-20-20251014"},{"key":"R63-20-20251014"},{"key":"R64-20-20251014"},{"key":"R65-20-20251014"},{"key":"R66-20-20251014"},{"key":"R67-20-20251014"},{"key":"R68-20-20251014"},{"key":"R69-20-20251014"},{"key":"R70-20-20251014"},{"key":"R71-20-20251014"},{"key":"R72-20-20251014"},{"key":"R73-20-20251014"},{"key":"R74-20-20251014"},{"key":"R75-20-20251014"},{"key":"R76-20-20251014"},{"key":"R77-20-20251014"},{"key":"R78-20-20251014"},{"key":"R79-20-20251014"},{"key":"R80-20-20251014"},{"key":"R81-20-20251014"},{"key":"R82-20-20251014"},{"key":"R83-20-20251014"},{"key":"R84-20-20251014"},{"key":"R85-20-20251014"},{"key":"R86-20-20251014"},{"key":"R87-20-20251014"},{"key":"R88-20-20251014"},{"key":"R89-20-20251014"},{"key":"R90-20-20251014"},{"key":"R91-20-20251014"}],"container-title":["Anesthesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asahq.org\/anesthesiology\/article-pdf\/108\/3\/473\/366496\/0000542-200803000-00020.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00000542-200803000-00019","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T15:58:07Z","timestamp":1760457487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00000542-200803000-00019"}},"subtitle":["Adaptation of a Closed Femur Fracture Model to Study Skeletal Pain"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,1]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/aln.0b013e3181649351","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1103809.559932","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0003-3022"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3022","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,1]]}}}