{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T06:19:47Z","timestamp":1773296387175,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anesthesiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A newly developed microemulsion propofol consisted of 10% purified poloxamer 188 and 0.7% polyethylene glycol 660 hydroxystearate. The authors studied the physicochemical properties, aqueous free propofol concentration, and plasma bradykinin generation. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics were also evaluated in rats.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The pH, particle size, and osmolarity of microemulsion propofol were measured using a pH meter, particle size analyzer, and cryoscopic osmometer, respectively. The aqueous free propofol and plasma bradykinin were measured by a dialysis method and radioimmunoassay, respectively. Microemulsion propofol was administered by zero-order infusion of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg . kg . min for 20 min in 30 rats. The electroencephalographic approximate entropy was used as a surrogate measure of propofol effect.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The pH, osmolarity, and particle size of microemulsion propofol are 7.5, 280 mOsm\/l, and 67.0 +\/- 28.5 nm, respectively. The aqueous free propofol concentration in microemulsion propofol was 63.3 +\/- 1.2 mug\/ml. When mixed with human blood, microemulsion propofol did not generate bradykinin in plasma. Although microemulsion propofol had nonlinear pharmacokinetics, a two-compartment model with linear pharmacokinetics best described the time course of the propofol concentration as follows: V1 = 0.143 l\/kg, k10 = 0.175 min, k12 = 0.126 min, k21 = 0.043 min. The pharmacodynamic parameters in a sigmoid Emax model were as follows: E0 = 1.18, Emax = 0.636, Ce50 = 1.87 mug\/ml, gamma = 1.28, ke0 = 1.02 min.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Microemulsion propofol produced a high concentration of free propofol in the aqueous phase. For the applied dose range, microemulsion propofol showed nonlinear pharmacokinetics.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/aln.0b013e318182a486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,15]],"date-time":"2008-08-15T03:11:16Z","timestamp":1218769876000},"page":"436-447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Physicochemical Properties, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of a Reformulated Microemulsion Propofol in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Eun-Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soo-Han","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Professor."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Do-Yang","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Associate, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyoung-Ho","family":"Ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Associate, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eun-Kyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Professor."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong-Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gyu-Jeong","family":"Noh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Chairman, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and Professor, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-13-20251013"},{"key":"R2-13-20251013"},{"key":"R3-13-20251013"},{"key":"R4-13-20251013"},{"key":"R5-13-20251013"},{"key":"R6-13-20251013"},{"key":"R7-13-20251013"},{"key":"R8-13-20251013"},{"key":"R9-13-20251013"},{"key":"R10-13-20251013"},{"key":"R11-13-20251013"},{"key":"R12-13-20251013"},{"key":"R13-13-20251013"},{"key":"R14-13-20251013"},{"key":"R15-13-20251013"},{"key":"R16-13-20251013"},{"key":"R17-13-20251013"},{"key":"R18-13-20251013"},{"key":"R19-13-20251013"},{"key":"R20-13-20251013"},{"key":"R21-13-20251013"},{"key":"R22-13-20251013"},{"key":"R23-13-20251013"},{"key":"R24-13-20251013"},{"key":"R25-13-20251013"},{"key":"R26-13-20251013"},{"key":"R27-13-20251013"},{"key":"R28-13-20251013"},{"key":"R29-13-20251013"},{"key":"R30-13-20251013"},{"key":"R32-13-20251013"},{"key":"R34-13-20251013"},{"key":"R35-13-20251013"},{"key":"R36-13-20251013"},{"key":"R37-13-20251013"},{"key":"R38-13-20251013"},{"key":"R39-13-20251013"},{"key":"R40-13-20251013"},{"key":"R41-13-20251013"},{"key":"R42-13-20251013"},{"key":"R43-13-20251013"},{"key":"R44-13-20251013"},{"key":"R45-13-20251013"},{"key":"R46-13-20251013"},{"key":"R47-13-20251013"}],"container-title":["Anesthesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.asahq.org\/anesthesiology\/article-pdf\/109\/3\/436\/656361\/0000542-200809000-00013.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00000542-200809000-00012","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T16:00:48Z","timestamp":1760371248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00000542-200809000-00012"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/aln.0b013e318182a486","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3022"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3022","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]]}}}