{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T04:25:32Z","timestamp":1767846332237,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the association between second-trimester maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and risk of small for gestational age (SGA) in singleton live births.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We assayed serum samples at 12\u201326 weeks of gestation for 25-hydroxyvitamin D in a sample of participants in a multicenter clinical trial of low-dose aspirin for the prevention of preeclampsia in high-risk women (n=792). Multivariable log-binomial regression models were used to assess the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of SGA (birth weight less than the 10\n                      <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n                      percentile for gestational age) after adjustment for confounders including maternal prepregnancy obesity, race, treatment allocation, and risk group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirteen percent of neonates were SGA at birth. Mean (standard deviation) 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were lower in women who delivered SGA (57.9 [29.9] nmol\/L) compared with non-SGA neonates (64.8 [29.3] nmol\/L,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =.028). In adjusted models, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of 50\u201374 nmol\/L and 75 nmol\/L or greater compared with less than 30 nmol\/L were associated with 43% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.33\u20130.99) and 54% (95% CI 0.24\u20130.87) reductions in risk of SGA, respectively. Race and maternal obesity each modified this association. White women with 25-hydroxyvitamin D 50 nmol\/L or greater compared with less than 50 nmol\/L had a 68% reduction in SGA risk (adjusted risk ratio 0.32, 95% CI 0.17\u20130.63) and nonobese women with 25-hydroxyvitamin D 50 nmol\/L or greater compared with less than 50 nmol\/L had a 50% reduction in SGA risk (adjusted risk ratio 0.50, 95% CI 0.31\u20130.82). There was no association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of SGA in black or obese mothers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maternal vitamin D status in the second trimester is associated with risk of SGA among all women and in the subgroups of white and nonobese women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>II<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/aog.0000000000000049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,9]],"date-time":"2013-12-09T04:18:57Z","timestamp":1386562737000},"page":"40-48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Maternal Vitamin D Status and Small-for-Gestational-Age Offspring in Women at High Risk for Preeclampsia"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Alison D.","family":"Gernand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyagriv N.","family":"Simhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Caritis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Bodnar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"R1-8-20251114","first-page":"S5","article-title":"Levels and patterns of intrauterine growth retardation in developing countries.","volume":"52","author":"de Onis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R2-8-20251114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318278d014","article-title":"Declines in birth weight and fetal growth independent of gestational length.","volume":"121","author":"Morisaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R3-8-20251114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199904223401603","article-title":"Birth weight in relation to morbidity and mortality among newborn infants.","volume":"340","author":"McIntire","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R4-8-20251114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0708473","article-title":"Effect of in utero and early-life conditions on adult health and disease.","volume":"359","author":"Gluckman","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R5-8-20251114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.80.4.502","article-title":"Intrauterine growth and gestational duration determinants.","volume":"80","author":"Kramer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R6-8-20251114","first-page":"8","article-title":"Vitamin D status: United States, 2001-2006.","volume":"1-","author":"Looker","year":"2011","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"R7-8-20251114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f1169","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f1169","article-title":"Association between maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.","volume":"346","author":"Aghajafari","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R8-8-20251114","first-page":"38","article-title":"Does vitamin D during pregnancy impact offspring growth and bone Proc Nutr S","volume":"71","author":"Specker","year":"2012","journal-title":"oc"},{"key":"R10-8-20251114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.055426","article-title":"Maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and placental vascular pathology in a multicenter US cohort.","volume":"98","author":"Gernand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R11-8-20251114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3275","article-title":"Maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and measures of newborn and placental weight in a U.S. multicenter cohort study.","volume":"98","author":"Gernand","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R12-8-20251114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.119636","article-title":". 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Redefining preeclampsia using placenta-derived biomarkers.","volume":"61","author":"Staff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"R40-8-20251114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.10.889","article-title":"Defining normal and abnormal fetal growth: promises and challenges.","volume":"202","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R41-8-20251114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2008.02.008","article-title":"Integrated testing and management in fetal growth restriction.","volume":"32","author":"Turan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"R42-8-20251114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12000","article-title":"The impact of vitamin D on pregnancy: a systematic review.","volume":"91","author":"Christesen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"R43-8-20251114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s13224-012-0219-8","article-title":"Prediction of preeclampsia by midtrimester uterine artery Doppler velocimetry in high-risk and low-risk women.","volume":"62","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol India"},{"key":"R44-8-20251114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-2270","article-title":". 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Vitamin D improves the angiogenic properties of endothelial progenitor cells.","volume":"303","author":"Grundmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"R47-8-20251114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.9.2244","article-title":"1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol increases the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in C3H10T12 mouse embryo fibroblasts.","volume":"134","author":"Levine","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr"}],"container-title":["Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00006250-201401000-00008","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T22:01:01Z","timestamp":1763157661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00006250-201401000-00008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/aog.0000000000000049","relation":{},"ISSN":["0029-7844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0029-7844","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}}}