{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T06:13:19Z","timestamp":1793859199253,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694044800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Four historical events provide context for racial injustices and inequities in medicine in the United States today: the invention of race as a social construct, enslavement in the Americas, the legal doctrine of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Partus sequitur ventrem<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and the American eugenics movement. This narrative review demonstrates how these race-based systems resulted in stereotypes, myths, and biases against Black individuals that contribute to health inequities today. Education on the effect of slavery in current health care outcomes may prevent false explanations for inequities based on stereotypes and biases. These historical events validate the need for medicine to move away from practicing race-based medicine and instead aim to understand the intersectionality of sex, race, and other social constructs in affecting the health of patients today.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1097\/aog.0000000000005331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T17:05:31Z","timestamp":1695315931000},"page":"779-786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Historical Primer on Obstetrics and Gynecology Health Inequities in America"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"142","author":[{"given":"Aisha","family":"Nnoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MultiCare Obstetrics and Gynecology Associates, MultiCare Health Systems, and the Tacoma Family Medicine Residency Program and Rural Family Medicine With Obstetrics, Tacoma, and the Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"R3-20250423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.2979\/MER.2008.8.2.166","article-title":"Double jeopardy: to be Black and female","volume":"8","author":"Beal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Meridians"},{"key":"R5-20250423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.2307\/1229039","article-title":"Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color","volume":"43","author":"Crenshaw","year":"1994","journal-title":"Stanford Law Rev"},{"key":"R6-20250423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300750","article-title":"The problem with the phrase women and minorities: intersectionality\u2013an important theoretical framework for public health","volume":"102","author":"Bowleg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"R7-20250423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305243","article-title":"Black maternal and infant health: historical legacies of slavery","volume":"109","author":"Owens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"R8-20250423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684315627459","article-title":"Stereotypes of Black American women related to sexuality and motherhood","volume":"40","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Women Q"},{"key":"R12-20250423","first-page":"200","article-title":"The color of reason: the idea of \u201crace\u201d in Kant's anthropology","volume":"38","author":"Eze","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bucknell Rev"},{"key":"R15-20250423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000259312.36053.02","article-title":"Development of a nomogram for prediction of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery","volume":"109","author":"Grobman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R16-20250423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMms2004740","article-title":"Hidden in plain sight: reconsidering the use of race correction in clinical algorithms","volume":"383","author":"Vyas","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R17-20250423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2020.8882","article-title":"Social and structural determinants of health inequities in maternal health","volume":"30","author":"Crear-Perry","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Womens Health"},{"key":"R18-20250423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E233","DOI":"10.1001\/amajethics.2022.233","article-title":"Why equitable access to vaginal birth requires abolition of race-based medicine","volume":"24","author":"Rubashkin","year":"2022","journal-title":"AMA J Ethics"},{"key":"R19-20250423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.85.5.625","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic differences in the likelihood of cesarean delivery, California","volume":"85","author":"Braveman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"R20-20250423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-536X.2012.00530.x","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in indication for primary cesarean delivery at term: experience at one US institution","volume":"39","author":"Washington","year":"2012","journal-title":"Birth"},{"key":"R21-20250423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.2154","article-title":"Redressing the harms of race-based kidney function estimation","volume":"329","author":"Mohottige","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R27-20250423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.11944","article-title":"Historical aspects of race and medicine: the case of J. 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