{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:19:13Z","timestamp":1787170753357,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>We re-evaluate the Women's Health Initiative findings and their implications for clinical practice. Menopausal hormone therapy (HT) was effective for relief of vasomotor symptoms, and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) tended to be reduced in women close to menopause compared with the increased risk in women more distant from menopause. In recently menopausal women, short-term absolute risks of stroke and venous thromboembolism were small. Estrogen plus progestin therapy, but not estrogen therapy, increased the risk of breast cancer with a suggestion of greater risk when initiated close to the menopause. Menopausal HT increased the risk of CHD in women more than 20 years distant from menopause, particularly in women with vasomotor symptoms. It remains unknown whether the suggestive benefit for CHD in younger women will translate into benefits or harms if menopausal HT is continued into older ages. Based on Women's Health Initiative data, the use of menopausal HT for fewer than 5 years is a reasonable option for the relief of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms. The risks seen with estrogen plus progestin therapy suggest careful periodic reassessment of the ongoing therapy needs for women taking estrogen plus progestin therapy. The more favorable profile of estrogen therapy allows for individualized management with respect to duration of use when symptoms persist. For both estrogen therapy and estrogen plus progestin therapy, the baseline risk profile of the individual woman needs to be taken into account. Menopausal HT is not suitable for long-term prevention of CHD given risks of stroke, venous thromboembolism, and breast cancer (for estrogen plus progestin therapy) found in both clinical trials and in observational studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/aog.0b013e31827a08c8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,13]],"date-time":"2015-10-13T14:40:27Z","timestamp":1444747227000},"page":"172-176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Lessons Learned From the Women's Health Initiative Trials of Menopausal Hormone Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Jacques E.","family":"Rossouw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JoAnn E.","family":"Manson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Kaunitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garnet L.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-26-20260317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.3.321","article-title":"; Writing Group for the Womens Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin for healthy postmenopausal women.","volume":"288","author":"Rossouw","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R2-26-20260317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.14.1701","article-title":"; Womens Health Initiative Steering Committee. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy.","volume":"291","author":"Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R3-26-20260317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e31823a3e5d","article-title":". Evolution of postmenopausal hormone therapy between 2002 and 2009.","volume":"19","author":"Ettinger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"R4-26-20260317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.13.1465","article-title":". Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause.","volume":"297","author":"Rossouw","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R5-26-20260317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djq561","article-title":"The influence of time from menopause and mammography on hormone therapy-related breast cancer risk assessment.","volume":"103","author":"Chlebowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"R6-26-20260317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030311","article-title":". Effects of estrogen plus progestin on health-related quality of life.","volume":"348","author":"Hays","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R7-26-20260317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.17.1976","article-title":". Effects of conjugated equine estrogen on health-related quality of life in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: results from the Womens Health Initiative randomized clinical trial.","volume":"165","author":"Brunner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"R8-26-20260317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e31824b970a","article-title":"The 2012 hormone therapy position statement of the North American Menopause Society.","volume":"19","year":"2012","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"R9-26-20260317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181875e61","article-title":". Observational studies analyzed like randomized experiments: an application to postmenopausal hormone therapy and coronary heart disease.","volume":"19","author":"Hernan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"R10-26-20260317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-4-201002160-00005","article-title":"Coronary heart disease in postmenopausal recipients of estrogen plus progestin therapy: does the increased risk ever disappear A randomized trial.","volume":"152","author":"Toh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R11-26-20260317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.7.605","article-title":". Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogenprogestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group.","volume":"280","author":"Hulley","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R12-26-20260317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp115","article-title":". Benefits and risks of postmenopausal hormone therapy when it is initiated soon after menopause.","volume":"170","author":"Prentice","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"R15-26-20260317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6409","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e6409","article-title":". Effect of hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular events in recently menopausal women: randomized trial.","volume":"345","author":"Schierbeck","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00006250-201301000-00026","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T01:00:11Z","timestamp":1773709211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00006250-201301000-00026"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/aog.0b013e31827a08c8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0029-7844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0029-7844","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]}}}