{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:52:10Z","timestamp":1791388330292,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"\n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n Speech recognition outcomes vary widely in cochlear implant recipients, but the reasons for this variability are not well explained by patient history factors alone. Neuroplastic reorganization after both deafness and cochlear implant switch-on can affect how new recipients adapt to electrical hearing. In this study, we evaluate the associations between speech recognition outcomes and stimulus-evoked activation of cortical language processing areas.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design:<\/jats:title>\n Forty-three newly implanted post-lingually deaf adult cochlear implant recipients (17 female, mean age at implantation: 58.5 yr, SD: 14.4 yr) were recruited for the longitudinal study. Participants attended two research visits: the first conducted within 1 mo of device switch-on, and the second conducted 1 yr after device switch-on. At each visit, we evaluated speech recognition outcomes in noise and cortical activation using functional near-infrared spectroscopy during a passive listening task, during which a story was told in either an auditory- or visual-speech (lipreading) condition.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n We found consistent negative correlations between speech understanding outcomes at 1 yr and activation of the superior temporal gyrus at 1 mo in response to both auditory and visual speech. These associations were not observed for activation measured at 1 yr. Subgroup regression analysis revealed that these correlations were most consistently seen in the superior temporal gyrus contralateral to the cochlear implant. Activation in the superior temporal gyrus contralateral to the implant at 1 mo also explained additional variance in speech outcomes at 1 yr beyond clinical factors alone. However, longitudinal analysis showed no association between within-subject changes in activation and changes in speech understanding outcomes within this first year of implant use.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Our evidence highlights that neuroplastic changes which occur following adult-onset deafness play an important role in how cochlear implant recipients adapt to their devices after switch-on. The relationship between neuroimaging measures made within 1 mo after device switch-on and speech recognition outcomes at 1 yr can potentially enable triaging of recipients to improve clinical management of implant recipients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/aud.0000000000001900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:00:23Z","timestamp":1791385223000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Auditory- and Visual-Speech Evoked Activation of the Superior Temporal Gyrus Contralateral to the Cochlear Implant Predicts Speech Recognition Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1097","author":[{"given":"Tommy","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Bionics Institute, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Bionics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"These authors contributed equally to this work."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine R.","family":"Henshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Bionics Institute, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Bionics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Audiology & Speech Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"These authors contributed equally to this work."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamal","family":"Esmaelpoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Bionics Institute, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Bionics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mica","family":"Haneman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Bionics Institute, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linty","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Bionics Institute, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen J.","family":"Shader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Bionics Institute, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Luke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Bionics Institute, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Language and Linguistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colette M.","family":"McKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Bionics Institute, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Bionics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb4588","article-title":"Julich-Brain: A 3D probabilistic atlas of the human brain\u2019s cytoarchitecture.","volume":"369","author":"Amunts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R2-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10256","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1704785114","article-title":"Adaptive benefit of cross-modal plasticity following cochlear implantation in deaf adults.","volume":"114","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R3-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-019-00729-z","article-title":"Pre-operative brain imaging using functional near-infrared spectroscopy helps predict cochlear implant outcome in deaf adults.","volume":"20","author":"Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Assoc Res Otolaryngol"},{"key":"R4-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1999.0480","article-title":"Event-related fMRI of the auditory cortex.","volume":"10","author":"Belin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"R5-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/10.5.512","article-title":"Human temporal lobe activation by speech and nonspeech sounds.","volume":"10","author":"Binder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"R6-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1159\/000343189","article-title":"Factors affecting auditory performance of postlinguistically deaf adults using cochlear implants: An update with 2251 patients.","volume":"18","author":"Blamey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Audiol Neurootol"},{"key":"R7-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5462","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4310-15.2016","article-title":"Multimodal feature integration in the angular gyrus during episodic and semantic retrieval.","volume":"36","author":"Bonnici","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R8-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4382656","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4382656","article-title":"Cross-modal functional reorganization of visual and auditory cortex in adult cochlear implant users identified with fNIRS.","volume":"2016","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"key":"R9-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.11.050","article-title":"Functional near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) signal improvement based on negative correlation between oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin dynamics.","volume":"49","author":"Cui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"R10-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/33\/12\/008","article-title":"Estimation of optical pathlength through tissue from direct time of flight measurement.","volume":"33","author":"Delpy","year":"1988","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"R11-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3376","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl264","article-title":"Cross-modal reorganization and speech perception in cochlear implant users.","volume":"129","author":"Doucet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R12-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/22553","article-title":"Sensory experience modifies the short-term dynamics of neocortical synapses.","volume":"400","author":"Finnerty","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R13-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.09.025","article-title":"Temporal derivative distribution repair (TDDR): A motion correction method for fNIRS.","volume":"184","author":"Fishburn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"R14-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-071714-034002","article-title":"Plasticity of cortical excitatory-inhibitory balance.","volume":"38","author":"Froemke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"R15-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23312165211037525","DOI":"10.1177\/23312165211037525","article-title":"A multicenter analysis of factors associated with hearing outcome for 2,735 adults with cochlear implants.","volume":"25","author":"Goudey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Hear"},{"key":"R16-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2113","article-title":"The cortical organization of speech processing.","volume":"8","author":"Hickok","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"R17-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2005.11.008","article-title":"The enigma of Mayer waves: Facts and models.","volume":"70","author":"Julien","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"R18-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.10.023","article-title":"The subcortical role of language processing. High level linguistic features such as ambiguity-resolution and the human brain; an fMRI study.","volume":"39","author":"Ketteler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"R19-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0148466","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148466","article-title":"Cross-modal and intra-modal characteristics of visual function and speech perception performance in postlingually deafened, cochlear implant users.","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R20-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2023.02.004","article-title":"Crossmodal plasticity in hearing loss.","volume":"46","author":"Kral","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"R21-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e48739","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048739","article-title":"Pre-, per- and postoperative factors affecting performance of postlinguistically deaf adults using cochlear implants: A new conceptual model over time.","volume":"7","author":"Lazard","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R22-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi040","article-title":"Neural substrates of phonemic perception.","volume":"15","author":"Liebenthal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"R23-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3109\/03005364000000132","article-title":"Lip-reading ability and patterns of cortical activation studied using fMRI.","volume":"34","author":"Ludman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Audiol"},{"key":"R24-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025008","DOI":"10.1117\/1.NPh.8.2.025008","article-title":"Analysis methods for measuring passive auditory fNIRS responses generated by a block-design paradigm.","volume":"8","author":"Luke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurophotonics"},{"key":"R25-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.06.053","article-title":"Cochlear implants.","volume":"24","author":"Macherey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"R26-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00008.2007","article-title":"Higher order visual processing in macaque extrastriate cortex.","volume":"88","author":"Orban","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"R27-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17749","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22117-z","article-title":"Evidence of visual crossmodal reorganization positively relates to speech outcomes in cochlear implant users.","volume":"12","author":"Paul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R29-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2013.11.007","article-title":"Auditory cortex activation to natural speech and simulated cochlear implant speech measured with functional near-infrared spectroscopy.","volume":"309","author":"Pollonini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"R30-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3506","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.82.6.3506","article-title":"Neuronal responses in cat primary auditory cortex to electrical cochlear stimulation. III. Activation patterns in short- and long-term deafness.","volume":"82","author":"Raggio","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R31-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3390\/a11050073","article-title":"The NIRS Brain AnalyzIR toolbox.","volume":"11","author":"Santosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Algorithms"},{"key":"R32-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/35\/4\/717","article-title":"Measuring tissue hemodynamics and oxygenation by continuous-wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy\u2014how robust are the different calculation methods against movement artifacts?","volume":"35","author":"Scholkmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"key":"R33-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104737","article-title":"Contralateral dominance to speech in the adult auditory cortex immediately after cochlear implantation.","volume":"25","author":"Shader","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"R34-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckr176","article-title":"Global and regional hearing impairment prevalence: An analysis of 42 studies in 29 countries.","volume":"23","author":"Stevens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"R35-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2803.455","article-title":"A \u201crationalized\u201d arcsine transform.","volume":"28","author":"Studebaker","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Speech Hear Res"},{"key":"R36-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035011","DOI":"10.1117\/1.NPh.7.3.035011","article-title":"Short-channel regression in functional near-infrared spectroscopy is more effective when considering heterogeneous scalp hemodynamics.","volume":"7","author":"Wyser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurophotonics"},{"key":"R37-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331216518786850","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216518786850","article-title":"Cortical speech processing in postlingually deaf adult cochlear implant users, as revealed by functional near-infrared spectroscopy.","volume":"22","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Hear"},{"key":"R38-20261007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21716-z","article-title":"fNIRS Optodes\u2019 Location Decider (fOLD): A toolbox for probe arrangement guided by brain regions-of-interest.","volume":"8","author":"Zimeo Morais","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Ear & Hearing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001900","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:00:28Z","timestamp":1791385228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001900"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"references-count":37,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/aud.0000000000001900","relation":{},"ISSN":["0196-0202","1538-4667"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0196-0202","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4667","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]}}}