{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T05:16:45Z","timestamp":1791177405858,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/aud.0b013e3181734ed0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,30]],"date-time":"2008-06-30T03:10:07Z","timestamp":1214795407000},"page":"585-600","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["A Comparison of Water and Air Caloric Responses and Their Ability to Distinguish Between Patients with Normal and Impaired Ears"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"David A.","family":"Zapala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ketil F.","family":"Olsholt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry B.","family":"Lundy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3109\/03005369509086589","article-title":"Caloric irrigators: air, open-loop water and closed-loop water.","volume":"29","author":"Anderson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Audiol"},{"key":"R2-10-20210128","article-title":"American National Standard Procedures for Testing Basic Vestibular Function.","year":"1999"},{"key":"R3-10-20210128","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nystagmography: recording of nystagmus in clinical neuro-otological examinations.","volume":"129","author":"Aschan","year":"1956","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol Suppl"},{"key":"R4-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-998004","article-title":"The effect of age on vestibulo-ocular reactions [German].","volume":"70","author":"Aust","year":"1991","journal-title":"Laryngorhinootologie"},{"key":"R5-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.7.1094","article-title":"Robert Barany and the controversy surrounding his discovery of the caloric reaction.","volume":"58","author":"Baloh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R6-10-20210128","article-title":"Clinical neurophysiology of the vestibular system. (2nd ed.)","author":"Baloh","year":"1990"},{"key":"R7-10-20210128","article-title":"Manual of nystagmography (2nd ed).","author":"Barber","year":"1980"},{"key":"R8-10-20210128","first-page":"276","article-title":"Positional nystagmus in normals.","volume":"19","author":"Barber","year":"1973","journal-title":"Adv Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"R9-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1177\/000348947808700212","article-title":"Air calorics: a technique and results.","volume":"87","author":"Benitez","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"R10-10-20210128","first-page":"335","article-title":"Toward a standard for electronystagmography.","volume":"29","author":"Blakley","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"R11-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00344239","article-title":"A mathematical model of air and water caloric nystagmus.","volume":"31","author":"Bock","year":"1978","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"key":"R12-10-20210128","article-title":"Course of lectures on the physiology and pathology of the central nervous system.","author":"Brown-S\u00e9quard","year":"1860"},{"key":"R13-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2961134","article-title":"When standards and clinical practice collide.","volume":"1","author":"Burkard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acoust Today"},{"key":"R14-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-197307000-00001","article-title":"Evaluation of the air caloric test as a routine examination procedure.","volume":"83","author":"Capps","year":"1973","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"R15-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1976.00780110055005","article-title":"The air caloric test: a parametric study.","volume":"102","author":"Coats","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"R16-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/000348947308200301","article-title":"The sequential bithermal binaural caloric test. I. A statistical analysis of normal subject responses.","volume":"82","author":"Custer","year":"1973","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"R17-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488809106434","article-title":"The reproducibility of caloric tests of vestibular function in young and old subjects.","volume":"106","author":"Davidson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"R18-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1978.00790070018004","article-title":"Reliabilities of air and water caloric responses.","volume":"104","author":"Ford","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol"},{"key":"R19-10-20210128","first-page":"353","article-title":"On the problem of a routine technic of thermal vestibular stimulation [German].","volume":"7","author":"Frenzel","year":"1959","journal-title":"HNO"},{"key":"R20-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1159\/000027757","article-title":"Nystagmus findings in healthy subjects examined with infrared videonystagmoscopy.","volume":"62","author":"Geisler","year":"2000","journal-title":"ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec"},{"key":"R21-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/000348947908800106","article-title":"Caloric vestibular test with the use of air.","volume":"88","author":"Greven","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"R22-10-20210128","first-page":"2007","article-title":"Central hearing loss monograph on the Internet. Chicago: Chicago Dizziness and Hearing. Available at: .","volume":"10","author":"Hain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Accessed February"},{"key":"R23-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2273.2000.00361.x","article-title":"Re-evaluation of normative electronystagmography data in healthy ageing.","volume":"25","author":"Hajioff","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci"},{"key":"R24-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0307-7772.2001.00517.x","article-title":"Is electronystagmography of diagnostic value in the elderly?","volume":"27","author":"Hajioff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci"},{"key":"R25-10-20210128","article-title":"The caloric test: a study of caloric tests in normal subjects.","author":"Hamersma","year":"1957"},{"key":"R26-10-20210128","first-page":"1","article-title":"Speed of slow component and duration in caloric nystagmus.","volume":"125","author":"Henriksson","year":"1956","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol Suppl"},{"key":"R27-10-20210128","first-page":"220","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of open-loop bithermal caloric irrigation responses from healthy young adults.","volume":"20","author":"Henry","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Otol"},{"key":"R28-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2004.11.009","article-title":"Comparing the accuracy of video-oculography and the scleral search coil system in human eye movement analysis.","volume":"32","author":"Imai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"R29-10-20210128","article-title":"Handbook of balance function testing (pp. 193-233).","author":"Jacobson","year":"1993"},{"key":"R30-10-20210128","first-page":"65","article-title":"Clinical nystagmography: a detailed study of electro-nystagmography in 341 patients with vertigo.","volume":"24","author":"Jongkees","year":"1962","journal-title":"Pract Otorhinolaryngol (Basel)"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"R31-10-20210128","first-page":"1","article-title":"Electronystagmography.","volume":"189","author":"Jongkees","year":"1964","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol Suppl"},{"key":"R32-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01627816","article-title":"Zur objektiven registrierung und analyse verschiedener nystagmusformen: vestibul\u00e4rer, optokinetischer und spontaner nystagmus in ihren wechselbeziehungen.","volume":"146","author":"Jung","year":"1939","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"R33-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3501.186","article-title":"Comparison of responses to air, water, and closed-loop caloric irrigators.","volume":"35","author":"Karlsen","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Speech Hear Res"},{"key":"R34-10-20210128","first-page":"214","article-title":"Beitr\u00e4ge zum Experimentellen Nystagmus.","volume":"10","author":"Kobrak","year":"1918","journal-title":"Beiter Anat Physiol Path Therap D Ohres"},{"key":"R35-10-20210128","first-page":"508","article-title":"A new method for ergometric measurements.","volume":"31","author":"Lion","year":"1950","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"R36-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020601178147","article-title":"Water irrigation versus air insufflation: a comparison of two caloric test protocols.","volume":"46","author":"Maes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"key":"R37-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100062332","article-title":"Electronystagmography: a study of caloric tests in normal subjects.","volume":"78","author":"Mehra","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"R38-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-196502000-00004","article-title":"Electronystagmography.","volume":"75","author":"Milojevic","year":"1965","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"R39-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-6519(06)78660-5","article-title":"Reference values for the vestibulo-ocular reflex response to the head shaking and the bithermal caloric tests [Spanish].","volume":"57","author":"Molina","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp"},{"key":"R40-10-20210128","first-page":"C30","article-title":"Electrooculography and electronystagmography in man [French].","volume":"8","author":"Monnier","year":"1950","journal-title":"Helv Physiol Pharmacol Acta"},{"key":"R41-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3109\/03005369609079042","article-title":"A comparison of test-retest variability of caloric induced nystagmus in a normal population using an air stimulus presented via a standard and modified irrigating probe.","volume":"30","author":"Moon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Audiol"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"R42-10-20210128","first-page":"1","article-title":"Influence of age on results of vestibular function tests: review of literature and presentation of caloric test results.","volume":"88","author":"Mulch","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl"},{"key":"R43-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3109\/03005369609076777","article-title":"The test-retest variability of the caloric test: a comparison of a modified air irrigation with the conventional water technique.","volume":"30","author":"Munro","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Audiol"},{"key":"R44-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1159\/000275494","article-title":"Single-response variability of air and water caloric reactions.","volume":"42","author":"Nijhuis","year":"1980","journal-title":"ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec"},{"key":"R45-10-20210128","first-page":"370","article-title":"Practical value of a simplified air caloric stimulation with freon.","volume":"36","author":"Norre","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg"},{"key":"R46-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3109\/03005367809078854","article-title":"Air as the caloric stimulus.","volume":"12","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br J Audiol"},{"key":"R47-10-20210128","first-page":"223","article-title":"A new caloric tester using ear canal balloon.","volume":"97","author":"Ono","year":"1976","journal-title":"Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord)"},{"key":"R48-10-20210128","first-page":"127","article-title":"A study of five parameters of calorically-induced nystagmus in the clinical situation.","volume":"19","author":"Press","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Aud Res"},{"key":"R49-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488509104778","article-title":"Factors contributing to variability of caloric test scores.","volume":"100","author":"Proctor","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"R50-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00458319","article-title":"Caloric diagnosis maximum stimulus and suppression of habituation effects.","volume":"214","author":"Reker","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"R51-10-20210128","article-title":"Practical management of the balance disorder patient.","author":"Shepard","year":"1996"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"R52-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894770865S302","article-title":"Caloric testing 2: results in normal subjects.","volume":"86","author":"Sills","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl"},{"key":"R53-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3109\/00016486609127058","article-title":"The influence of mental activity and visual fixation upon caloric-induced nystagmus in normal subjects.","volume":"61","author":"Sokolovski","year":"1966","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"R54-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-197707000-00005","article-title":"Nystagmus responses to water and air caloric stimulation in clinical populations.","volume":"87","author":"Suter","year":"1977","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"R55-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1159\/000275452","article-title":"Pitfalls in detecting vestibular decruitment with air calorics.","volume":"41","author":"Torok","year":"1979","journal-title":"ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec"},{"key":"R56-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-2003-12402","article-title":"Convection, buoyancy or endolymph expansion: what is the actual mechanism responsible for the caloric response of semicircular canals?","volume":"12","author":"Valli","year":"2002-2003","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"key":"R57-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1080\/000164800750000243","article-title":"Computerized electronystagmography: normative data revisited.","volume":"120","author":"van der Stappen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"R58-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3109\/00016485309119838","article-title":"The otometer.","volume":"43","author":"van Egmond","year":"1953","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"R59-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/0957-4271(95)00008-4","article-title":"Assessment of vestibular function by videonystagmoscopy.","volume":"5","author":"Vitte","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"key":"R60-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-998695","article-title":"Balloon method and water irrigation in thermal vestibular assessment: electronystagmographic comparison of both methods [German].","volume":"66","author":"Westhofen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Laryngol Rhinol Otol (Stuttg)"},{"key":"R61-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489009122507","article-title":"Barany\u2019s theory is right, but incomplete: an experimental study in pigeons.","volume":"110","author":"Wit","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"R62-10-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2273.1980.tb00909.x","article-title":"Air versus water caloric test.","volume":"5","author":"Zangemeister","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci"},{"key":"R63-10-20210128","first-page":"20","article-title":"The ENG caloric controversy: which is the better stimulus: water or air?","volume":"17","author":"Zapala","year":"2005","journal-title":"Audiol Today"}],"container-title":["Ear & Hearing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1097\/AUD.0b013e3181734ed0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T17:10:57Z","timestamp":1786036257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00003446-200808000-00010"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/aud.0b013e3181734ed0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0196-0202"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0196-0202","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]}}}