{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T17:00:44Z","timestamp":1771606844096,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Symptomatic lumbar degenerative disc disease affects millions of patients, is a leading cause of physician visits annually, and significantly impacts healthcare systems globally. The gold standard treatment for this condition is spinal fusion, but its mechanism of eliminating segmental motion and risk of adjacent segment disease resulting in additional surgery has increased interest in alternative treatments. Lumbar disc arthroplasty has emerged as an alternative to fusion due to its comparable patient outcomes coupled with the ability to preserve spinal motion resulting in greater long-term benefit potential. Yet, widespread adoption of the procedure has been dampened by low reimbursement rates and disproportionate insurance denials compared to lumbar fusions, affecting patient access to this technology. Artificial disc procedures have been performed in Europe since the mid-1980\u2019s with favorable results, leaving the United States comparatively behind. The aim of this review article is to summarize the current literature regarding lumbar disc arthroplasty as it pertains to implants available in the United States.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1097\/bco.0000000000001349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T16:00:49Z","timestamp":1771603249000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preserving spinal motion: lumbar disc arthroplasty in the US"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7189-7746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsay D.","family":"Orosz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, National Spine Health Foundation, Reston, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusuf A.","family":"Rafiqzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, National Spine Health Foundation, Reston, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamer R.","family":"Hage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, National Spine Health Foundation, Reston, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita T.","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, National Spine Health Foundation, Reston, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colin M.","family":"Haines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Virginia Spine Institute, Reston, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e316","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00098-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of low back pain, 1990\u20132020, its attributable risk factors, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"5","author":"Ferreira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"R2-20260220","first-page":"75","article-title":"The activL\u00ae Artificial Disc: A next-generation motion-preserving implant for chronic lumbar discogenic pain","volume":"9","author":"Yue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medical Devices: Evidence and Research"},{"key":"R3-20260220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84724-6","article-title":"Prevalence of spine degeneration diagnosis by type, age, gender, and obesity using Medicare data","volume":"11","author":"Parenteau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R4-20260220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002822","article-title":"Trends in Lumbar Fusion Procedure Rates and Associated Hospital Costs for Degenerative Spinal Diseases in the United States, 2004 to 2015","volume":"44","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"R5-20260220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.05.558","article-title":"Recent trends in medicare utilization and reimbursement for lumbar spine fusion and discectomy procedures","volume":"20","author":"Lopez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spine Journal"},{"key":"R6-20260220","first-page":"29 (e16460)","article-title":"Total disc replacement versus fusion for lumbar degenerative diseases - A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"98","author":"Bai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine (United States)"},{"key":"R7-20260220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.10.135","article-title":"Ulf Fernstr\u00f6m (1915\u20131985) and his Contributions to the Development of Artificial Disc Replacements","volume":"98","author":"Fisahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"R8-20260220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.29245\/2767-5130\/2023\/1.1190","article-title":"Lumbar Disc Arthroplasty: History and Analysis","volume":"5","author":"Echevarria","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal Orthopedics & Orthopedic Surgery"},{"issue":"7","key":"R9-20260220","first-page":"e16739","article-title":"Investigational Research: Timeline, Trials, and Future Directions of Spinal Disc Arthroplasty","volume":"`13","author":"Fiani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"R10-20260220","first-page":"223","article-title":"The CHARIT\u00c9 Artificial Disc: Design History, FDA IDE Study Results, and Surgical Technique","volume":"53","author":"Geisler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Neurosurg"},{"key":"R11-20260220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2024.100363","article-title":"27. 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