{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:18:05Z","timestamp":1790813885974,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Orthopedic surgery has advanced through the demands of managing complex musculoskeletal trauma on the battlefield. The purpose of this review was to briefly summarize how successive conflicts have shaped principles and practice of orthopedic surgery\u2014from wound management, fracture stabilization, limb salvage, prosthetics, and trauma systems\u2014and to outline possible orthopedic input in future warfare and human exploration. From early empiricism in the Revolutionary War to organized military hospital systems in the Civil War, to the use of antibiotics and internal fixation in World War II, each armed conflict has introduced core orthopedic tenets and innovations. World War I introduced improvements in wound care and early femoral fracture stabilization (Thomas splint), dramatically reducing mortality. World War II brought on the innovation of K\u00fcntscher intramedullary nailing and the birth of hand surgery. The Korean and Vietnam wars accelerated evacuation and echeloned care, laying groundwork for damage control orthopedics. In Iraq and Afghanistan, tiered trauma systems and prospective outcomes data reframed limb salvage vs. amputation; contemporary prosthetics (targeted muscle reinnervation, myoelectric control, osseointegration) further expanded function. Future domains\u2014remote warfare and space medicine\u2014pose distinct challenges and research imperatives. Orthopedic surgery's evolution is inseparable from the history of war. Lessons in physiology-first care, principles of bony fixation, wound care, infection control, and multidisciplinary rehabilitation continue to inform modern civilian practice and will be essential for managing complexing injuries in emerging environments. hand, rehabilitation, spine, trauma<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1097\/bh9.0000000000000049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T16:01:38Z","timestamp":1778860898000},"page":"59-67","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["War, what is it good for? orthopedics the evolution of orthopedic surgery through armed conflict"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1257-4194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew L.","family":"Duenes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0341-7683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth A.","family":"Egol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"R5-20260626","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-10-00374","article-title":"Orthopedic surgery in the United States army: a historical review","volume":"176","author":"Schoenfeld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"R6-20260626","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000150340.16841.7d","article-title":"The ABJS presidential lecture, june 2004: our orthopaedic heritage: the American Civil War","volume":"429","author":"Kuz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"R7-20260626","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e148","DOI":"10.1097\/AS9.0000000000000148","article-title":"The history of surgical education in the United States: past, present, and future","volume":"3","author":"Camison","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Surg Open"},{"key":"R8-20260626","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-015-4327-5","article-title":"Extremity injury and war: a historical reflection","volume":"473","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"R9-20260626","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20386","article-title":"John hunter and the origins of modern orthopaedic research","volume":"25","author":"Evans","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"R10-20260626","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2006.09.066","article-title":"Ignorance is bliss: The Listerian revolution and education of American surgeons","volume":"177","author":"Herr","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R11-20260626","first-page":"138","article-title":"Medical and surgical care during the American civil war, 1861\u20131865","volume":"29","author":"Reilly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)"},{"key":"R12-20260626","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198511000-00013","article-title":"Military orthopedic surgery","volume":"200","author":"Cozen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"R15-20260626","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196204192661609","article-title":"Internal fixation of bone with a metal pin (1862)","volume":"266","author":"Deyerle","year":"1962","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R16-20260626","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.16.00458","article-title":"American orthopaedic surgeons in world war I","volume":"99","author":"Green","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"R17-20260626","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2014-000365","article-title":"Surgical advances during the First World War: the birth of modern orthopaedic","volume":"162","author":"Ramasamy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"key":"R18-20260626","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-196601000-00012","article-title":"Military contributions to the development of orthopaedic surgery by the Armed Forces, U.S.A. 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