{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T03:15:21Z","timestamp":1775186121561,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/bor.0000000000000067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,20]],"date-time":"2014-05-20T01:20:20Z","timestamp":1400548820000},"page":"395-403","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus treatment and management in patients receiving immune-modifying agents"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Joshua","family":"Juan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jordan J.","family":"Feld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R2-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.3.41","article-title":"Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.","volume":"3","author":"Sy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"R3-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patbio.2009.11.001","article-title":"Pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection.","volume":"58","author":"Chisari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pathol Biol (Paris)"},{"key":"R6-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-939750","article-title":"Hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B: natural history and treatment.","volume":"26","author":"Feld","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"R7-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.02.010","article-title":"EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection.","volume":"57","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"R8-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.12.030","article-title":"Natural history of chronic hepatitis B in Euro-Mediterranean and African countries.","volume":"55","author":"Hadziyannis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"R9-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14913","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406282101","article-title":"A function of the hepatitis B virus precore protein is to regulate the immune response to the core antigen.","volume":"101","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R10-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(83)80114-0","article-title":"Clinical and histological events preceding hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion in chronic type B hepatitis.","volume":"84","author":"Liaw","year":"1983","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R11-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.021","article-title":"Natural history of chronic HBV carriers in northern Italy: morbidity and mortality after 30 years.","volume":"127","author":"Manno","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R12-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.03.018","article-title":"Persistence of cccDNA during the natural history of chronic hepatitis B and decline during adefovir dipivoxil therapy.","volume":"126","author":"Werle-Lapostolle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R13-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2002.35555","article-title":"Clinical impact and efficacy of lamivudine therapy in de novo hepatitis B infection after liver transplantation.","volume":"8","author":"Castells","year":"2002","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"R14-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-96-4-447","article-title":"Reactivation of chronic hepatitis B virus infection by cancer chemotherapy.","volume":"96","author":"Hoofnagle","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R15-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1086\/496924","article-title":"Reactivation of hepatitis B infection following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in a hepatitis B-immune patient: case report and review of the literature.","volume":"41","author":"Kempinska","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R17-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)90599-G","article-title":"Reactivation of hepatitis B virus replication in patients receiving cytotoxic therapy: report of a prospective study.","volume":"100","author":"Lok","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R18-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21051","article-title":"Diagnosis, prevention and management of hepatitis B virus reactivation during anticancer therapy.","volume":"43","author":"Yeo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"R19-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2739\/kurumemedj.45.171","article-title":"Mutations of glucocorticoid responsive element of HBV DNA.","volume":"45","author":"Suzuki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Kurume Med J"},{"key":"R20-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50220","article-title":"Steroid-free chemotherapy decreases risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in HBV-carriers with lymphoma.","volume":"37","author":"Cheng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"R21-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.02.001","article-title":"Biological therapies for inflammatory bowel diseases.","volume":"136","author":"Rutgeerts","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R22-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e3282f05b63","article-title":"Risks of immunosuppressive therapies including biologic agents in patients with rheumatic diseases and co-existing chronic viral infections.","volume":"19","author":"Vassilopoulos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"R23-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20705","article-title":"Lamivudine prophylaxis and treatment of hepatitis B Virus-exposed recipients receiving reduced intensity conditioning hematopoietic stem cell transplants with alemtuzumab.","volume":"78","author":"Moses","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"R24-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.00232.x","article-title":"Risk of hepatitis B exacerbation is low after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization therapy for patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma: report of a prospective study.","volume":"100","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R25-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80295-2","article-title":"Intracellular inactivation of the hepatitis B virus by cytotoxic T lymphocytes.","volume":"4","author":"Guidotti","year":"1996","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"R26-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra031087","article-title":"Hepatitis, B virus infection--natural history and clinical consequences.","volume":"350","author":"Ganem","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R27-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1998.00534.x","article-title":"A tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) promoter polymorphism is associated with chronic hepatitis B infection.","volume":"111","author":"Hohler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"R28-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e3182380a76","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in patients receiving tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-targeted therapy: analysis of 257 cases.","volume":"90","author":"Perez-Alvarez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"R32-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-010-1523-2","article-title":"Use of tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive patients: a literature review and potential mechanisms of action.","volume":"29","author":"Carroll","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"R33-7-20210128","first-page":"585","article-title":"Preventing hepatitis B reactivation in immunosuppressed patients: is it time to revisit the guidelines Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken","volume":"62","author":"Yazdany","year":"2010","journal-title":")"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R34-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2010.02396.x","article-title":"The difficulties of managing severe hepatitis B virus reactivation.","volume":"31","author":"Roche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"R35-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.18.0182","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus reactivation in lymphoma patients with prior resolved hepatitis B undergoing anticancer therapy with or without rituximab.","volume":"27","author":"Yeo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"R37-7-20210128","first-page":"84","article-title":"Reactivation of resolved hepatitis B virus infection after immunosuppression: is it time to adopt preemptive therapy Clin Res Hepatol G","volume":"36","author":"Papamichalis","year":"2012","journal-title":"astroenterol"},{"key":"R38-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-009-0806-7","article-title":"Reactivation of hepatitis B virus following rituximab-based regimens: a serious complication in both HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-negative patients.","volume":"89","author":"Pei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"R39-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601699","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of risk factors associating with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in cancer patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy.","volume":"90","author":"Yeo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"R40-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510230404","article-title":"Intrahepatic hepatitis C RNA levels do not correlate with degree of liver injury in patients with chronic hepatitis C.","volume":"23","author":"McGuinness","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"R41-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.09.026","article-title":"Early is superior to deferred preemptive lamivudine therapy for hepatitis B patients undergoing chemotherapy.","volume":"125","author":"Lau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R42-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22106","article-title":"A revisit of prophylactic lamivudine for chemotherapy-associated hepatitis B reactivation in non-Hodgkins lymphoma: a randomized trial.","volume":"47","author":"Hsu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"R43-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X12450245","article-title":"Management of hepatitis B reactivation in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy.","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Therap Adv Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R44-7-20210128","first-page":"1","article-title":"AASLD Practice Guidelines. Chronic hepatitis B: update of therapeutic guidelines.","volume":"50","author":"Lok","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"R45-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.10.001","article-title":"Guidelines: management of chronic hepatitis B.","volume":"50","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"Rr-8","key":"R46-7-20210128","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recommendations for identification and public health management of persons with chronic hepatitis B virus infection.","volume":"57","author":"Weinbaum","year":"2008","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"R47-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21641","article-title":"update of the 2008 American College of Rheumatology recommendations for the use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and biologic agents in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"64","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"R48-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3167","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.40.7510","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus screening before chemotherapy for lymphoma: a cost-effectiveness analysis.","volume":"30","author":"Zurawska","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"R49-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2000.02124.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in the Asia-Pacific region.","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"R50-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2012.09.009","article-title":"Natural history of acute and chronic hepatitis C.","volume":"26","author":"Maasoumy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R52-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir076","article-title":"Sustained virologic response to antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus infection: a cure and so much more.","volume":"52","author":"Pearlman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R53-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21011","article-title":"Early histologic changes in fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis C.","volume":"13","author":"Dixon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"R54-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2008.00765.x","article-title":"3rd, Randhawa P, et al. Monitoring of human liver and kidney allograft tolerance: a tissuehistopathology perspective.","volume":"22","author":"Demetris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R55-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis367","article-title":"HIV coinfection with hepatitis C virus: evolving epidemiology and treatment paradigms.","volume":"55","author":"Taylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R56-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qco.0000200294.22661.e0","article-title":"Management of hepatitis CHIV coinfection.","volume":"19","author":"Rockstroh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R57-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12062","article-title":"Current management and perspectives for HCV recurrence after liver transplantation.","volume":"33","author":"Coilly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"R58-7-20210128","first-page":"16","article-title":"Impact of immunosuppressive therapy on hepatitis C infection after renal transplantation.","volume":"75","author":"Kahraman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"R59-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1097\/MOT.0b013e32835a2b5a","article-title":"Immunosuppression in HCV-positive liver-transplant recipients.","volume":"17","author":"Chan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Organ Transplant"},{"key":"R60-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1214854","article-title":"Sofosbuvir for hepatitis C genotype 2 or 3 in patients without treatment options.","volume":"368","author":"Jacobson","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R61-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.09.016","article-title":"Drug-induced liver injury.","volume":"89","author":"Leise","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"R62-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1155\/1996\/213596","article-title":"Methotrexate hepatotoxicity in psoriatics: report of 104 patients from Nova Scotia, with analysis of risks from obesity, diabetes and alcohol consumption during long term follow-up.","volume":"10","author":"Malatjalian","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R63-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.02.008","article-title":"Noninvasive evaluation of liver fibrosis using transient elastography.","volume":"48","author":"Castera","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"R64-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kel425","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infection, cryoglobulinaemia, and beyond.","volume":"46","author":"Sansonno","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"R65-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e3282f1330c","article-title":"Treatment of hepatitis C-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis.","volume":"20","author":"Saadoun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"R66-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9510-9","article-title":"Cryoglobulinemia related to hepatitis C virus infection.","volume":"52","author":"Dore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"R67-7-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-203883","article-title":"Hepatitis, C virus-induced vasculitis: therapeutic options.","volume":"73","author":"Cacoub","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Rheumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000067","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T23:32:12Z","timestamp":1620948732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00002281-201407000-00007"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/bor.0000000000000067","relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-8711"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-8711","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]}}}