{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:40:16Z","timestamp":1790228416567,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose of review<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>To review the emergence, clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment of acute chikungunya (CHIK) fever and chronic CHIK arthritis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Recent findings<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Since 2004, CHIK, an arboviral infection, has spread throughout the world, infecting millions of people. The illness occurs in two phases: an acute viremic infection followed by chronic arthritis. In less developed countries, there are limited resources and effective treatment. For acutely ill CHIK fever patients, management is symptomatic. The treatment of chronic CHIK arthritis should be determined by an understanding of pathogenesis. Is chronic CHIK arthritis a persistent viral infection or a postinfectious inflammatory process? Multiple proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors have been identified in chronic CHIK arthritis. Attempts to isolate CHIK virus from synovial fluid have been unsuccessful. Given pathogenetic similarities (as well as differences) compared with rheumatoid arthritis and the painful, disabling nature of the arthritis, it is not surprising that disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs such as methotrexate have begun to be used.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>CHIK infection has emerged with major arthritic epidemics for which evidence-based therapy is limited. But there is an opportunity to improve the treatment of chronic CHIK arthritis and, from this disease, to gain understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory arthritis more generally.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/bor.0000000000000486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T18:16:01Z","timestamp":1517508961000},"page":"256-263","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Emergence and treatment of chikungunya arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Ravi B.","family":"Sutaria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose K.","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Est\u00e1cio of Juazeiro do Norte, Juazeiro do Norte, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert T.","family":"Schoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20230828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.64","article-title":"Arthritogenic alphaviruses \u2013 an overview","volume":"8","author":"Suhrbier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"R2-20230828","first-page":"S436","article-title":"Chikungunya: its history in Africa and Asia and its spread to new regions in 2013\u20132014","volume":"214","author":"Zeller","year":"2016"},{"key":"R3-20230828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-59","article-title":"Shifting suitability for malaria vectors across Africa with warming climates","volume":"9","author":"Peterson","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"R4-20230828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1403.070906","article-title":"Chikungunya fever in travelers returning to Europe from the Indian Ocean region, 2006","volume":"14","author":"Panning","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"R6-20230828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-011-0180-1","article-title":"Chikungunya virus infection","volume":"13","author":"Simon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"R7-20230828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1086\/605496","article-title":"Chikungunya fever: an epidemiological review of a re-emerging infectious disease","volume":"49","author":"Staples","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R8-20230828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2174\/1874312901610010129","article-title":"A review of chikungunya virus-induced arthralgia: clinical manifestations, therapeutics, and pathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Goupil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Rheumatol J"},{"key":"R9-20230828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2015.05.007","article-title":"French guidelines for the management of chikungunya (acute and persistent presentations). 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