{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T09:35:58Z","timestamp":1793093758226,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose of review<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rapid introduction of newly developed drugs in the absence of clear understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms behind drug-induced lupus erythematosus (DILE) can sometimes make DILE difficult to recognize in clinical practice. The purpose of this review is to summarize drugs most recently reported to be involved in DILE and discuss the current landscape of diverse mechanisms involved.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A large number of proton pump inhibitor (PPI)-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus cases have been reported, suggesting a shift over time in the spectrum of drugs implicated in DILE. Twenty-two articles comprising 29 DILE case reports published within the last 2 years are summarized in this review, including 12 (41.4%) systemic DILE. Antitumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) drugs were the most frequently (41.7%) reported to introduce systemic DILE in these cases. Chemotherapeutic drugs were the most common drug class (54.5%) involved in subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, with an observed higher incidence in female patients. Enhanced neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation induced by procainamide and hydralazine could be a new mechanism contributing to the pathogenesis of DILE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The list of drugs implicated in triggering DILE is expanding as new drugs with novel mechanisms of action are being developed. It is important to recognize culprit drugs that may induce lupus erythematosus, as discontinuation usually results in improvement of drug-induced manifestations. Characterizing the mechanisms involved might help better understand the cause of idiopathic autoimmunity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/bor.0000000000000522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,5]],"date-time":"2018-06-05T16:12:56Z","timestamp":1528215176000},"page":"490-497","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":154,"title":["Drug-induced lupus erythematosus: an update on drugs and mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Ye","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amr H.","family":"Sawalha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"},{"name":"Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1945.01510210032007","article-title":"Sensitivity to sulfadiazine resembling acute disseminated lupus erythematosus","volume":"51","author":"Hoffman","year":"1945","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Syphilol"},{"key":"R2-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-103-1-49","article-title":"Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus associated with hydrochlorothiazide therapy","volume":"103","author":"Reed","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R3-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.2165\/11588500-000000000-00000","article-title":"Drug-induced lupus erythematosus: incidence, management and prevention","volume":"34","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"R4-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203306070000","article-title":"Drug-induced lupus: an update","volume":"15","author":"Vasoo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"R5-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2004.12.025","article-title":"Drug-induced lupus","volume":"209","author":"Rubin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"R6-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.3109\/s10165-009-0168-y","article-title":"Hydralazine-induced autoimmune disease: comparison to idiopathic lupus and ANCA-positive vasculitis","volume":"19","author":"Yokogawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"R7-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e32835059cd","article-title":"Drug-induced rheumatic diseases: a review of published case reports from the last two years","volume":"24","author":"Bukhari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"R8-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.1982.tb03845.x","article-title":"Cardiac tamponade in hydrallazine-induced systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"12","author":"Aylward","year":"1982","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Med"},{"key":"R9-20230829","first-page":"465","article-title":"A systematic review of drug-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"164","author":"Lowe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"R10-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203309106176","article-title":"Drug-induced lupus: an update on its dermatologic aspects","volume":"18","author":"Marzano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"R11-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1422.019","article-title":"Drug-induced lupus","volume":"1108","author":"Borchers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"R12-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.005","article-title":"Diagnosis and classification of drug-induced autoimmunity (DIA)","volume":"48-49","author":"Xiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"R14-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"J266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.11.012","article-title":"Drugs and autoimmunity: a contemporary review and mechanistic approach","volume":"34","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"R15-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930500285857","article-title":"Drug-induced lupus erythematosus","volume":"38","author":"Sarzi-Puttini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"R16-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2012.09.007","article-title":"Drug-induced lupus erythematosus","volume":"105","author":"Pretel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr"},{"key":"R17-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203314523871","article-title":"Drug-induced lupus: including antitumour necrosis factor and interferon induced","volume":"23","author":"Araujo-Fernandez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"R18-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2009.04.035","article-title":"[Drug-induced lupus]","volume":"135","author":"Aguirre Zamorano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"key":"R19-20230829","first-page":"353","article-title":"Lansoprazole-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: two cases","volume":"85","author":"Bracke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"R20-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5070\/D3233034281","article-title":"An update in drug-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"23","author":"Michaelis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatol Online J"},{"key":"R21-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2016.2912","article-title":"Drug-induced cutaneous lupus erythematosus: 88 new cases","volume":"27","author":"Laurinaviciene","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"R22-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1080\/00015550410018361","article-title":"Terbinafine-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"84","author":"McKay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"R23-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2008.06806.x","article-title":"Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus induced by terbinafine: case report and review of literature","volume":"6","author":"Lorentz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"key":"R24-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.137.9.1196","article-title":"Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus induced or exacerbated by terbinafine: a report of 5 cases","volume":"137","author":"Callen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"R25-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2007.03333.x","article-title":"Leflunomide in subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: two sides of a coin","volume":"47","author":"Suess","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"R26-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203307087189","article-title":"Leflunomide-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus with erythema multiforme-like lesions","volume":"17","author":"Marzano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"R27-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2007.08.003","article-title":"Drug-induced lupus due to antitumor necrosis factor alpha agents","volume":"37","author":"Costa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"R28-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203309103050","article-title":"Chemotherapy-induced subacute lupus erythematosus","volume":"18","author":"Guhl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"((2 Suppl 1))","key":"R29-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.06.040","article-title":"Occurrence of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus after treatment with fluorouracil and capecitabine","volume":"59","author":"Weger","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"R30-20230829","first-page":"818","article-title":"Docetaxel (taxotere) induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: report of 4 cases","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"R31-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.10969.x","article-title":"Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and its association with drugs: a population-based matched case-control study of 234 patients in Sweden","volume":"167","author":"Gronhagen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"R32-20230829","first-page":"54","article-title":"Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE)-like lesion induced by uracil-tegafur (UFT)","volume":"11","author":"Yoshimasu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"R33-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-008-0462-8","article-title":"Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE)-like lesions induced by capecitabine","volume":"23","author":"Merlin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"((3 Suppl 1))","key":"R34-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20153893","article-title":"Anti-TNF-alpha and hydralazine drug-induced lupus","volume":"90","author":"Quaresma","year":"2015","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"R35-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-017-3884-2","article-title":"Diverse patterns of anti-TNF-alpha-induced lupus: case series and review of the literature","volume":"37","author":"Shovman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"R36-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(11)60668-X","article-title":"Lupus-like syndrome attributable to antitumor necrosis factor alpha therapy in 14 patients during an 8-year period at Mayo Clinic","volume":"84","author":"Wetter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"R37-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2174\/1874312901206010315","article-title":"Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced systemic lupus erythematosus()","volume":"6","author":"Almoallim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Open Rheumatol J"},{"issue":"(suppl 2)","key":"R38-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.02943.x","article-title":"Review article: the clinical pharmacology of proton pump inhibitors","volume":"23","author":"Sachs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"R39-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12699","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitor-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"170","author":"Sandholdt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"R40-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000550","article-title":"Life-threatening lupus-like syndrome associated with clozapine","volume":"36","author":"Buzina","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"R41-20230829","first-page":"113","article-title":"Minocycline induced lupus with yellow colored chylous exudative pleural effusion","volume":"22","author":"Starobin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir Med Case Rep"},{"key":"R42-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203316657435","article-title":"A case of drug-induced lupus erythematosus secondary to trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole presenting with pleural effusions and pericardial tamponade","volume":"26","author":"Jose","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"R43-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3521541","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3521541","article-title":"ANA-negative hydralazine-induced pericardial effusion","volume":"2017","author":"Zeitjian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Rep Med"},{"key":"R44-20230829","first-page":"5245904","article-title":"Hydralazine induced lupus syndrome presenting with recurrent pericardial effusion and a negative antinuclear antibody","volume":"2017","author":"Iyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Rep Rheumatol"},{"key":"R45-20230829","first-page":"2650142","article-title":"Acute low-dose hydralazine-induced lupus pneumonitis","volume":"2017","author":"Holman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Rep Pulmonol"},{"key":"R46-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1159\/000450877","article-title":"Infliximab-induced lupus: a case report","volume":"24","author":"Magno Pereira","year":"2017","journal-title":"GE Port J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R47-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.12506","article-title":"A case of lupus-like syndrome in a patient receiving adalimumab and a brief review of the literature on drug-induced lupus erythematosus","volume":"42","author":"Lomicova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"key":"R48-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.12393","article-title":"Drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus in a child after 3 years of treatment with carbamazepine","volume":"58","author":"Molina-Ruiz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"key":"R49-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2015.2702","article-title":"Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus induced by mitotane","volume":"152","author":"Mayor-Ibarguren","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"R50-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1965","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0000000000000374","article-title":"Drug-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus in a patient receiving therapy for chronic hepatitis C","volume":"23","author":"Reyes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Ther"},{"key":"R51-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1159\/000443762","article-title":"Gemcitabine-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a case report","volume":"61","author":"Ben Zvi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"R52-20230829","first-page":"OD06","article-title":"Rare occurrence of drug induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus with leflunomide therapy","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"R53-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e163","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13468","article-title":"Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus induced by capecitabine: 5-FU was innocent","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"R54-20230829","article-title":"Drug-induced lupus erythematosus secondary to pirfenidone","author":"Kelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"R55-20230829","first-page":"E22","article-title":"Anastrozole-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"98","author":"Fisher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"R56-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.13018","article-title":"A cutaneous lupus erythematosus-like eruption induced by hydroxyurea","volume":"34","author":"Yanes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"R57-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1203475417752369","article-title":"Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus induced by palbociclib","author":"Pinard","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"R58-20230829","first-page":"e1661","article-title":"Drug-induced lupus erythematosus associated with antiretroviral therapy in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus: a case report","volume":"9","author":"Mantis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"R59-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000207","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2017-000207","article-title":"Topical drug-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus isolated to the hands","volume":"4","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lupus Sci Med"},{"key":"R60-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12218","article-title":"Drug-induced cutaneous lupus erythematosus after immunoglobulin treatment in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: a case series","volume":"22","author":"Adrichem","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Peripher Nerv Syst"},{"key":"R61-20230829","first-page":"114","article-title":"Relationship of acetyl transferase activity to antinuclear antibodies and toxic symptoms in hypertensive patients treated with hydralazine","volume":"76","author":"Perry","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"R62-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1976.tb08248.x","article-title":"Acetylator phenotype in patients with hydralazine-induced lupoid syndrome","volume":"200","author":"Strandberg","year":"1976","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"key":"R63-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197805252982101","article-title":"Effect of acetylator phenotype on the rate at which procainamide induces antinuclear antibodies and the lupus syndrome","volume":"298","author":"Woosley","year":"1978","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R64-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1979.tb13505.x","article-title":"Procainamide-induced lupus erythematosus-like syndrome in relation to acetylator phenotype and plasma levels of procainamide","volume":"206","author":"Sonnhag","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"key":"R65-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780140610","article-title":"Isoniazid acetylation rate and development of antinuclear antibodies upon isoniazid treatment","volume":"14","author":"Alarcon-Segovia","year":"1971","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"R66-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.9.1.53","article-title":"Antinuclear factor in rapid and slow acetylator patients treated with isoniazid","volume":"9","author":"Evans","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"R67-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)91554-8","article-title":"Hydralazine-induced systemic lupus erythematosus: influence of HLA-DR and sex on susceptibility","volume":"1","author":"Batchelor","year":"1980","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R68-20230829","first-page":"845","article-title":"Hydralazine sensitivity: clinical features, autoantibody changes and HLA-DR phenotype","volume":"65","author":"Russell","year":"1987","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"R69-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)92506-3","article-title":"Complement system protein c4 and susceptibility to hydralazine-induced systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"333","author":"Speirs","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R70-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2590415","article-title":"Inhibition of the covalent binding reaction of complement component C4 by penicillamine, an antirheumatic agent","volume":"259","author":"Sim","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"R71-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)92905-2","article-title":"Drugs that induce systemic lupus erythematosus inhibit complement component C4","volume":"2","author":"Sim","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R72-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114020","article-title":"Metabolism of procainamide to the cytotoxic hydroxylamine by neutrophils activated in vitro","volume":"83","author":"Rubin","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R73-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-9120(92)90354-U","article-title":"Autoantibody specificity in drug-induced lupus and neutrophil-mediated metabolism of lupus-inducing drugs","volume":"25","author":"Rubin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"R74-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7973636","article-title":"Transformation of lupus-inducing drugs to cytotoxic products by activated neutrophils","volume":"266","author":"Jiang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R75-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1990.tb05342.x","article-title":"Autoantibodies against neutrophil cytoplasm components in systemic lupus erythematosus and in hydralazine-induced lupus","volume":"81","author":"Nassberger","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"R76-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.140.7.2197","article-title":"Hydralazine and procainamide inhibit T cell DNA methylation and induce autoreactivity","volume":"140","author":"Cornacchia","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R77-20230829","first-page":"530","article-title":"Procainamide inhibits DNA methyltransferase in a human T cell line","volume":"18","author":"Scheinbart","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"R78-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10833","article-title":"Hydralazine may induce autoimmunity by inhibiting extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway signaling","volume":"48","author":"Deng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"R79-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2866","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118743","article-title":"Mechanisms of drug-induced lupus. II. T cells overexpressing lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 become autoreactive and cause a lupuslike disease in syngeneic mice","volume":"97","author":"Yung","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R80-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116576","article-title":"Treating activated CD4+ T cells with either of two distinct DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, 5-azacytidine or procainamide, is sufficient to cause a lupus-like disease in syngeneic mice","volume":"92","author":"Quddus","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"(suppl 5)","key":"R81-20230829","first-page":"803","article-title":"Initiation of autoimmunity by a reactive metabolite of a lupus-inducing drug in the thymus","volume":"107","author":"Rubin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"R82-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119356","article-title":"Autoimmunity caused by disruption of central T cell tolerance. A murine model of drug-induced lupus","volume":"99","author":"Kretz-Rommel","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R83-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6317","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610434104","article-title":"Subversion of B lymphocyte tolerance by hydralazine, a potential mechanism for drug-induced lupus","volume":"104","author":"Mazari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"R84-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-005-1189-4","article-title":"Quinidine and procainamide inhibit murine macrophage uptake of apoptotic and necrotic cells: a novel contributing mechanism of drug-induced-lupus","volume":"10","author":"Ablin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"R85-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-008-0890-x","article-title":"Drug-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a paradigm for bedside-to-bench patient-oriented translational clinical investigation","volume":"301","author":"Sontheimer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"R86-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria","volume":"303","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R87-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.5BT0615-247R","article-title":"At the bench: neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) highlight novel aspects of innate immune system involvement in autoimmune diseases","volume":"99","author":"Grayson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"R88-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40372","article-title":"Brief report: drugs implicated in systemic autoimmunity modulate neutrophil extracellular trap formation","volume":"70","author":"Irizarry-Caro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"R89-20230829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40371","article-title":"Editorial: the innate and adaptive immune response are both involved in drug-induced autoimmunity","volume":"70","author":"Sawalha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Rheumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00002281-201809000-00007","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,7]],"date-time":"2024-07-07T04:52:17Z","timestamp":1720327937000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00002281-201809000-00007"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/bor.0000000000000522","relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-8711","1531-6963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-8711","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-6963","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}}}