{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:32:56Z","timestamp":1786120376937,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/bor.0b013e3283524b82","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,24]],"date-time":"2012-03-24T07:27:08Z","timestamp":1332574028000},"page":"252-260","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Treatment of ankylosing spondylitis in patients refractory to TNF-inhibition"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Uta","family":"Kiltz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Heldmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xenofon","family":"Baraliakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juergen","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60635-7","article-title":"Ankylosing spondylitis.","volume":"369","author":"Braun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R2-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.108233","article-title":"The Development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part II): validation and final selection.","volume":"68","author":"Rudwaleit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R4-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R104","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2496","article-title":"The relationship between inflammation and new bone formation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.","volume":"10","author":"Baraliakos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"R5-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30393","article-title":"Focal fat lesions at vertebral corners on magnetic resonance imaging predict the development of new syndesmophytes in ankylosing spondylitis.","volume":"63","author":"Chiowchanwisawakit","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"R6-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.138594","article-title":"Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS): defining cut-off values for disease activity states and improvement scores.","volume":"70","author":"Machado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R7-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.071605","article-title":"Inflammatory biomarkers, disease activity and spinal disease measures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis after treatment with infliximab.","volume":"67","author":"Visvanathan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R8-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.084426","article-title":"Effects of infliximab on markers of inflammation and bone turnover and associations with bone mineral density in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.","volume":"68","author":"Visvanathan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R9-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2011.151027","article-title":"2010 update of the ASASEULAR recommendations for the management of ankylosing spondylitis.","volume":"70","author":"Braun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R10-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2011.151563","article-title":"2010 Update of the international ASAS recommendations for the use of anti-TNF agents in patients with axial spondyloarthritis.","volume":"70","author":"van der Heijde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R11-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780380407","article-title":"Use of immunohistologic and in situ hybridization techniques in the examination of sacroiliac joint biopsy specimens from patients with ankylosing spondylitis.","volume":"38","author":"Braun","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"R12-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.59.2.135","article-title":"Quantitative analyses of sacroiliacal biopsies in spondyloarthropathies: T cells and macrophages predominate in early and active sacroiliitis - cellulartity correlates with the degree of enhancement detected by magnetic resonance imaging.","volume":"59","author":"Bollow","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R13-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.037465","article-title":"Immunohistologic examination of open sacroiliac biopsies of patients with ankylosing spondylitis: detection of tumor necrosis factor in two early cases and transforming growth factor in three later stages.","volume":"65","author":"Francois","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R14-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22060","article-title":"Immunohistologic analysis of zygoapophyseal joints in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.","volume":"54","author":"Appel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"R15-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R95","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3370","article-title":"Analysis of IL-17 cells in facet joints of patients with spondyloarthritis suggests that the innate immune pathway might be of greater relevance than the Th17-mediated adaptive immune response.","volume":"13","author":"Appel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"R16-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3257","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24888","article-title":"Altered skeletal expression of sclerostin and its link to radiographic progression in ankylosing spondylitis.","volume":"60","author":"Appel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"R17-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.092494","article-title":"Expression of cathepsin K and MMP-1 indicate persistent osteodestructive activity in longstanding ankylosing spondylitis.","volume":"68","author":"Neidhart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R18-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/40.12.1359","article-title":"A polymorphism within the interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) gene is associated with ankylosing spondylitis.","volume":"40","author":"McGarry","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rheumatol"},{"key":"R19-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-006-0283-5","article-title":"Comparison of serum IL-1 beta, sIL-2R, IL-6, and TNF-alpha levels with disease activity parameters in ankylosing spondylitis.","volume":"26","author":"Bal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"R20-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24568","article-title":"Frequency and phenotype of peripheral blood Th17 cells in ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"60","author":"Shen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"R21-3-20210128","first-page":"S351","article-title":"In situ detection of IL-17 secreting cells in the bone marrow of facet joints obtained from patients with ankylosing spondylitis.","volume":"58","author":"Appel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"R22-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.145946","article-title":"Treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis with abatacept: an open-label, 24-week pilot study.","volume":"70","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R23-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2011.02.018","article-title":"Lack of efficacy of abatacept in a xial spondyloarthropathies refractory to tumor-necrosis-factor inhibition.","volume":"79","author":"Lekpa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"R24-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2004.023176","article-title":"Open label trial of anakinra in active ankylosing spondylitis over 24 weeks.","volume":"64","author":"Haibel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R25-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2004.020800","article-title":"Efficacy of anakinra in active ankylosing spondylitis: a clinical and magnetic resonance imaging study.","volume":"63","author":"Tan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R26-3-20210128","first-page":"S646","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of apremilast, an oral phosphodiesterase inhibitor in ankylosing spondylitis.","volume":"63","author":"Pathan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"R27-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10139","article-title":"A six-month randomized, controlled, double-blind, dose-response comparison of intravenous pamidronate (60mg versus 10mg) in the treatment of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-refractory ankylosing spondylitis.","volume":"46","author":"Maksymowych","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"R28-3-20210128","first-page":"883","article-title":"Assessment of the efficacy of pamidronate in ankylosing spondylitis: an open prospective trial.","volume":"51","author":"Santra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"R29-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27383","article-title":"Different response to rituximab in tumor necrosis factor blocker-naive patients with active ankylosing spondylitis and in patients in whom tumor necrosis factor blockers have failed.","volume":"62","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"R30-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.107102","article-title":"Rituximab in the spondyloarthropathies: data of eight patients followed up in the French Autoimmnity and Rituximab (AIR) registry.","volume":"69","author":"Nocturne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R31-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ken362","article-title":"The use of rituximab to ttreat a patient with ankylosing spondylitis and hepatitis B.","volume":"47","author":"Rodriguez-Escalera","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rheumatol"},{"key":"R32-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.110132","article-title":"Marked reduction of sacroiliacal joint inflammation on magnetic resonance imaging in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis after rituximab treatment.","volume":"38","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"R33-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2008.01.023","article-title":"Lack of short-term efficacy of rituximab upon symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis treated for an associated vasculitis.","volume":"75","author":"Wendling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"issue":"Suppl3","key":"R34-3-20210128","first-page":"127","article-title":"The anti-IL-17A monoclonal antibody Secukinumab (AIN457) showed good safety and efficacy in the treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis.","volume":"70","author":"Baeten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R35-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30223","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and safety of etanercept versus sulfasalazine in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized, double-blind trial.","volume":"63","author":"Braun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"R36-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.139667","article-title":"Effects of etanercept versus sulfasalazine in early axial spondyloarthritis on active inflammatory lesions as detected by whole-body MRI (ESTHER): a 48-week randomised controlled trial.","volume":"70","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R37-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.147033","article-title":"Relationship between active inflammatory lesions in the spine and sacroiliac joints and new development of chronic lesions on whole-body MRI in early axial spondyloarthritis: results of the ESTHER trial at week 48.","volume":"70","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R38-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10396","article-title":"One-year open-label trial of thalidomide in ankylosing spondylitis.","volume":"47","author":"Huang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"R39-3-20210128","first-page":"2627","article-title":"Thalidomide for severe refractory ankylosing spondylitis: a 6-month open-label trial.","volume":"30","author":"Wei","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"Suppl3","key":"R40-3-20210128","first-page":"128","article-title":"Tocilizumab in axial spondyloarthropathies: about 18 cases.","volume":"70","author":"Dudler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R41-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2010.08.004","article-title":"Tocilizumab in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis and Crohns disease refractory to TNF antagonists.","volume":"77","author":"Brulhart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"R42-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.126706","article-title":"Mixed response to tocilizumab for ankylosing spondylitis.","volume":"69","author":"Henes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R43-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.110265","article-title":"Ankylosing spondylitis refractory to tumor necrosis factor blockade responds to tocilizumab.","volume":"38","author":"Cohen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"R44-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.3109\/s10165-011-0416-9","article-title":"Tocilizumab, a humanized antiinterleukin-6 receptor antibody, ameliorated clinical symptoms and MRI findings of a patient with ankylosing spondylitis.","volume":"21","author":"Shima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"issue":"Suppl3","key":"R45-3-20210128","first-page":"343","article-title":"Tocilizumab for treatment of refractory spondyloarthritis: report of 5 patients.","volume":"70","author":"Del Castillo Pinol","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R46-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg230","article-title":"Predominat cellular immune response to the cartilage autoantigenic G1 aggrecan in ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"42","author":"Zou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"R47-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2004.024455","article-title":"Analysis of the CD8 T cell response to the G1 domain of agrecan in ankylosing spondylitis.","volume":"64","author":"Zhou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R48-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem302","article-title":"Sustained response to anakinra in ankylosing spondylitis.","volume":"47","author":"Bennett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"R49-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R107","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3041","article-title":"Apremilast, a novel PDE4 inhibitor, inhibits spontaneous production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha from human rheumatoid synovial cells and ameliorates experimental arthritis.","volume":"12","author":"McCann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"R50-3-20210128","first-page":"S307","article-title":"Oral apremilast is effective with and without concomitant methotrexate therapy in the treatment of subjects with active psoriatic arthritis.","volume":"63","author":"Schett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"R51-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02556715","article-title":"Cytotoxic and migration inhibitory effects of biphosphonates on macrophages.","volume":"38","author":"Stevenson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"R52-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg256","article-title":"Treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis with pamidronate.","volume":"42","author":"Haibel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"R53-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2004.022871","article-title":"An open study of pulse pamidronate treatment in severe ankylosing spondylitis, and its effect on biochemical markers of bone turnover.","volume":"64","author":"Cairns","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R54-3-20210128","first-page":"193","article-title":"A new strategy of drug treatment in NSAID-unresponsive ankylosing spondylitis: combination of pamidronate and methylprednisolone monthly intravenous infusions on the background of a combianiton of disease modifying drufs sulfaslazine and methotrexate.","volume":"55","author":"Malaviya","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"R55-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0707449","article-title":"Interleukin-17 and type 17 helper T cells.","volume":"361","author":"Miossec","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R56-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27334","article-title":"LY2439821, a humanized anti-interleukin-17 monoclonal antibody, in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"62","author":"Genovese","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"R57-3-20210128","first-page":"S972","article-title":"Interleukin-17A blockade with secukinumab reduces spinal inflammation in patient with ankylosing spondylitis as early as week 6, as detected by magnetic resonance imaging.","volume":"63","author":"Baraliakos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"R58-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.052878","article-title":"Efficacy of sulfasalazine in patients with inflammatory back pain due to undifferentiated spondyloarthritis and early ankylosing spondylitis: a multicentre randomised controlled trial.","volume":"65","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R59-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.173.3.699","article-title":"Thalidomide selectively inhibits tumoor necrosis factor alpha production by stimulated human monocytes.","volume":"173","author":"Sampaio","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"R60-3-20210128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.11.5.613","article-title":"The IL-6sIL-6R complex: as a novel target for therapeutic approaches.","volume":"11","author":"Rose-John","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Target"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Rheumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1097\/BOR.0b013e3283524b82","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T20:37:29Z","timestamp":1786048649000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00002281-201205000-00003"}},"subtitle":["are there alternatives?"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/bor.0b013e3283524b82","relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-8711"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-8711","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}}}