{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T22:53:55Z","timestamp":1781909635802,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>First rib fractures (first RFX) have been correlated with increased morbidity and mortality. Whether this is due to the fracture of the rib itself or due to an increased number of associated injuries remains debatable.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Level 1 trauma center.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Patients:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>One thousand eighty-nine patients with rib fractures divided into 3 groups: group A (n = 44) with isolated first RFX, group B (n = 116) with first RFX combined with other rib fractures, and group C (n = 929) with rib fractures without first RFX.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Intervention:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>None.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Outcome measurements:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Age, sex, Injury Severity Score, mortality, number of ribs fractured (RFX), incidences of flail chest, multiple coinjuries, hospital and intensive care unit lengths of stay, and duration of mechanical ventilation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Group A, when compared with group B, had significantly lower Injury Severity Score, RFX, rates of flail chest, pulmonary coinjuries, and shorter hospital length of stay and intensive care unit length of stay. Group A compared with group C had significantly lower age, RFX, rates of flail chest, and hemopneumothorax. In group B, all outcome measurements were significantly higher than those in group C. Incidence of subclavian artery, brachial plexus, and first thoracic vertebra injuries was significantly higher in group A. Frequency of traumatic brain and orthopaedic coinjuries was comparable in both groups with first RFX.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Isolated first RFX alone are associated with higher incidence of injuries to subclavian structures and the first thoracic vertebrae. When they are combined with fractures of other ribs, the overall severity of trauma expands significantly.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/bot.0000000000001189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,9]],"date-time":"2018-05-09T05:42:16Z","timestamp":1525844536000},"page":"391-396","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Is First Rib Fracture a Culprit or a Sign of Injury Severity? It Is Both"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Fokin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Delray Medical Center, Division of Trauma and Critical Care Services, Delray Beach, FL;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Wycech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delray Medical Center, Division of Trauma and Critical Care Services, Delray Beach, FL;"},{"name":"Broward Health Medical Center, Division of Trauma and Critical Care Services, Fort Lauderdale, FL;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Picard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delray Medical Center, Division of Trauma and Critical Care Services, Delray Beach, FL;"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell","family":"Weisz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delray Medical Center, Division of Trauma and Critical Care Services, Delray Beach, FL;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Puente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delray Medical Center, Division of Trauma and Critical Care Services, Delray Beach, FL;"},{"name":"Broward Health Medical Center, Division of Trauma and Critical Care Services, Fort Lauderdale, FL;"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL; and"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20230828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.07.031","article-title":"First rib fracture resulting in Horner's syndrome","volume":"49","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Emerg Med."},{"key":"R2-20230828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1383(86)90224-X","article-title":"Isolated fractures of the first ribs \u2013 an indication of major cervicomediastinal injury","volume":"17","author":"McAdam","year":"1986","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"R3-20230828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-006-0097-9","article-title":"First rib fracture with compression of the distal roots of the brachial plexus","volume":"16","author":"Legaye","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol."},{"key":"R4-20230828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2003.009225","article-title":"Isolated first rib fracture in athletes","volume":"38","author":"Sakellaridis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med."},{"key":"R5-20230828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(10)61051-X","article-title":"Isolated first rib fracture: clinical significance after blunt chest trauma","volume":"32","author":"Yee","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg."},{"key":"R6-20230828","first-page":"60","article-title":"Isolated traumatic bilateral first rib fracture: a rare entity","volume":"10","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tanaffos"},{"key":"R7-20230828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-197503000-00001","article-title":"First rib fracture: a hallmark of severe trauma","volume":"181","author":"Richardson","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ann Surg."},{"key":"R8-20230828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2016-206077","article-title":"Are first rib fractures a marker for other life-threatening injuries in patients with major Trauma? 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