{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:18:58Z","timestamp":1780636738684,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Does marijuana smoking increase the risk of surgical site infection (SSI) after open reduction and internal fixation of fractures?<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Retrospective.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Single academic level 1 trauma center in Southern California.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Patient Selection Criteria:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Adult patients who underwent open treatment for closed fractures between January 2009 and December 2021, had hardware placed, and had at least 6 months of postoperative follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Outcome Measures and Comparisons:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Risk factors associated with the development of SSI were compared between current inhalational marijuana users and nonmarijuana users.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Complete data were available on 4802 patients after exclusion of 82 who did not have a complete variable set. At the time of surgery, 24% (1133 patients) were current users of marijuana. At the final follow-up (minimum 6 months), there was a 1.6% infection rate (75 patients). The average age of the infection-free group was 46.1 \u00b1 23.1 years, and the average age of the SSI group was 47.0 \u00b1 20.3 (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.73) years. In total, 2703 patients (57%) in the infection-free group were male compared with 48 (64%) in the SSI group (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.49). On multivariate analysis, longer operative times (OR 1.002 [95% CI, 1.001\u20131.004]), diabetic status (OR 2.084 [95% CI, 1.225\u20133.547]), and current tobacco use (OR 2.493 [95% CI, 1.514\u20134.106]) (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01 for all) were associated with an increased risk of SSI; however, current marijuana use was not (OR 0.678 [95% CI, 0.228\u20132.013], <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.48).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Tobacco use, diabetes, and longer operative times were associated with the development of SSI after open reduction and internal fixation of fractures; however, marijuana smoking was not shown to be associated with the development of SSI.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/bot.0000000000002866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T19:00:12Z","timestamp":1720033212000},"page":"571-575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Does Marijuana Smoking Increase the Odds of Surgical Site Infection After Orthopaedic Surgery? A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5199-7224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Ruckle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Jesurajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Gulbrandsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Casey","family":"Rice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Daniel","family":"Wongworawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20250614","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2014.08.008","article-title":"Surgical site infections","volume":"94","author":"Young","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"R2-20250614","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2008.12.010","article-title":"Surgical site infection: incidence and impact on hospital utilization and treatment costs","volume":"37","author":"de Lissovoy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"R4-20250614","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6946a4","article-title":"Tobacco product use among adults: United States, 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