{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T13:13:01Z","timestamp":1778850781054,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate trends in pain medication prescriptions after pilon fracture open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) in the context of recent initiatives to reduce opioid use and promote multimodal pain management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective database study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>US national administrative data set (PearlDiver M170Ortho database).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patient Selection Criteria:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Included were patients undergoing pilon fracture (AO-OTA 43A\/B\/C) ORIF from 2010 to 2021 without history of preinjury narcotic use, polytrauma, substance abuse, or neoplasm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome Measures and Comparisons:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study captured prescriptions for pain medications within 90 days postoperatively after definitive pilon fracture fixation, categorized by drug category. Annual prescriptions and morphine milligram equivalents per 1000 surgeries were trended during the study interval. Timing of opioid prescriptions postoperatively was determined. Multivariable analysis was performed to determine factors independently associated with opioid prescriptions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Included were 13,108 patients with pilon fracture ORIF, of whom the average age was 50 years (range 18\u201384 years (49.9%) female). Discretely billed outpatient opioid prescriptions decreased from 434.1 per 1000 surgeries in 2010 to 165.7 in 2021 (\u221261.8%). Prescriptions of other pain management drugs on aggregate decreased less drastically from 276.6 in 2010 to 195.3 in 2021 (\u221229.4%). The proportion of all analgesic medications prescribed postoperatively that were opioids decreased from 60.3% in 2010 to 45.9% in 2021. Among patients who received opioids within 90 days postoperatively, morphine milligram equivalents prescribed per 1000 pilon fracture ORIF surgeries decreased from 589,486 in 2010 to 59,795 in 2021 (\u221291.3%). The 97% of opioids were prescribed in the first 2 weeks postoperatively. Predictors of postoperative opioid prescriptions by multivariate analysis included younger age (odds ratio [OR] 1.29 per decade decrease), male sex (OR 1.54), and lower Elixhauser Comorbidity Index (OR 1.28) (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0001 for all). Patients who had repair of tibia and fibula fractures did not have greater odds of postoperative opioid prescriptions than those who had repair of the tibia alone.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Opioid prescriptions after pilon fracture ORIF decreased substantially from 2010 to 2021. Prescriptions for nonopioid analgesic medications also decreased but to a lesser extent. Younger age, male sex, and lower comorbidity burden were associated with higher postoperative opioid prescribing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/bot.0000000000003151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T14:00:51Z","timestamp":1769522451000},"page":"329-335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trends in Utilization of Multimodal Pain Management After Pilon Fracture Open Reduction and Internal Fixation"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5448-873X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip 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