{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T09:50:53Z","timestamp":1775814653995,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"16","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human ligamentum flavum (LF) was examined for the activity level of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) in degenerative spondylolithesis (DS) patients using immunohistochemistry, Western blot, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and quantitative real-time PCR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the hypothesis that the activity of MMP-3 is elevated in LF of DS patients, which might contribute to DS pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary of Background Data.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MMP-3 is a proteinase produced by connective tissue cells and is responsible for the degradation and modification of extracellular matrix molecules. MMP-3 activity has been established in articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and intervertebral discs, but not in the LF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The experimental group consisted of 18 patients with DS and the control group consisted of 18 patients with spinal stenosis (SS) without any instabilities. MMP-3 expression was measured with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                      using immunohistochemistry and both for mRNA and protein levels.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The MMP-3 positive cell ratio in the LF observed in DS patients was substantially higher than in SS patients (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.030). In Western blot, the average optical density (OD) of MMP-3 was higher in LF of DS than of SS (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.028). There was greater MMP-3 expression in DS patients as quantified by RT-PCR (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.004).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study shows that MMP-3 expression in the LF of DS patients was significantly higher than in SS patients. Increased MMP-3 expression may be associated with the degenerative changes of LF in DS patients comprising one of the mechanisms of pathogenesis in DS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/brs.0b013e3181aa0232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,10]],"date-time":"2009-07-10T03:32:23Z","timestamp":1247196743000},"page":"E552-E557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 on Ligamentum Flavum in Degenerative Lumbar 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