{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T01:47:01Z","timestamp":1773971221444,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This is a retrospective study.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The aim of this study was to determine the extent of damage to the paravertebral muscles after muscle-preserving interlaminar decompression (MILD) using magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate changes in the multifidus muscle (MF).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Summary of Background Data:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Short-term surgical outcomes of MILD for lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LSCS) are satisfactory; however, the extent of damage to the paravertebral muscles after MILD remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Thirty-four patients (18 men\/16 women; mean age: 72.6 y) who had LSCS treated with MILD were retrospectively investigated. A total of 61 decompressed disk levels [L2\/3(5); L3\/4(21); L4\/5(30); L5\/S(5)] and 34 nondecompressed levels (L1\/2) were assessed. There was 1 decompressed disk level in 12 cases, 2 in 17 cases, and 3 in 5 cases. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained before surgery and at 3 and 12\u201318 months after surgery, using the same scanner. The rate of paravertebral muscle atrophy was evaluated to compare the area of the MF in the T2-weighted axial plane (intervertebral disk level) preoperatively and postoperatively, using OsiriX Medical Imaging Software. Changes in muscle signal intensity were also recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using 3-way analysis of variance with the post hoc Fisher PSLD test.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The rate of MF atrophy was 4.0% at the decompressed levels and 2.1% at the nondecompressed levels. There were no changes of signal intensity in the MF between the preoperative and postoperative periods. In decompressed levels, muscle atrophy and signal intensity were significantly improved from 3 months to 12\u201318 months after surgery. The number and level of the decompressed disks did not affect the extent of muscle injury.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The extent of paravertebral muscle injury after MILD is satisfactory. The midline interlaminar approach used in this technique may prevent local denervation and irreversible damage to the paravertebral muscles. These results indicate that MILD is useful to treat LSCS less invasively.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/bsd.0b013e31829eb9de","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,4]],"date-time":"2013-07-04T18:37:00Z","timestamp":1372963020000},"page":"E76-E82","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of the Effects of Surgical Invasiveness on Paravertebral Muscles After Muscle-preserving Interlaminar Decompression (MILD)"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Tonomura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoichiro","family":"Hatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daini Hospital, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuo","family":"Mikami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takumi","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomohisa","family":"Harada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masateru","family":"Nagae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hironori","family":"Koike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Hase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshikazu","family":"Kubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20230831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E276","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318195d943","article-title":"Muscle-preserving interlaminar decompression for the lumbar spine: a minimally invasive new procedure for lumbar spinal canal stenosis","volume":"34","author":"Hatta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"R2-20230831","first-page":"583","article-title":"Muscle-preserving interlaminar decompression for lumbar spinal canal stenosis","volume":"25","author":"Hatta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sekitsuisekizui"},{"key":"R3-20230831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199604150-00007","article-title":"Back muscle injury after posterior lumbar spine surgery. A histologic and enzymatic analysis","volume":"21","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"R4-20230831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31805471fe","article-title":"Erector spinae muscle changes on magnetic resonance imaging following lumbar surgery through a posterior approach","volume":"32","author":"Gille","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"R5-20230831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199905150-00017","article-title":"Serial changes in trunk muscle performance after posterior lumbar surgery","volume":"24","author":"Gejo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"R6-20230831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199304000-00009","article-title":"Local denervation atrophy of paraspinal muscles in postoperative failed back syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Sihvonen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"R7-20230831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E29","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200201150-00013","article-title":"Deep and superficial fibers of the lumbar multifidus muscle are differentially active during voluntary arm movements","volume":"27","author":"Moseley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"R8-20230831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199501150-00011","article-title":"Stability increase of the lumbar spine with different muscle groups. A biomechanical in vitro study","volume":"20","author":"Wilke","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"R9-20230831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.01311","article-title":"Architectural analysis and intraoperative measurements demonstrate the unique design of the multifidus muscle for lumbar spine stability","volume":"91","author":"Ward","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"R10-20230831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-004-0802-5","article-title":"Anatomical study of the paraspinal approach to the lumbar spine","volume":"14","author":"Vialle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"R11-20230831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860000190","article-title":"CT imaging of trunk muscles in chronic low back pain patients and healthy control subjects","volume":"9","author":"Danneels","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"R12-20230831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200004150-00008","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging and histologic evidence of postoperative back muscle injury in rats","volume":"25","author":"Gejo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"R13-20230831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880180313","article-title":"Isolated femoral mononeuropathy to the vastus lateralis: EMG and MRI findings","volume":"18","author":"Carter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"R14-20230831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.187.1.8451416","article-title":"Denervated human skeletal muscle: MR imaging evaluation","volume":"187","author":"Fleckenstein","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"R15-20230831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.189.2.8210383","article-title":"Denervated skeletal muscle: MR imaging. Work in progress","volume":"189","author":"Uetani","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"R16-20230831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199611150-00019","article-title":"Back muscle injury after posterior lumbar spine surgery. Topographic evaluation of intramuscular pressure and blood flow in the porcine back muscle during surgery","volume":"21","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"pt 2","key":"R17-20230831","first-page":"383","article-title":"The human lumbar dorsal rami","volume":"134","author":"Bogduk","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"R18-20230831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2007.04.021","article-title":"Comparison of the effect of 3 different approaches to the lumbar spinal canal on postoperative paraspinal muscle damage","volume":"69","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"R19-20230831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2005.3.5.0405","article-title":"Lumbar spinous process-splitting laminectomy for lumbar canal stenosis. Technical note","volume":"3","author":"Watanabe","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"R20-20230831","first-page":"37","article-title":"The damage to the paraspinal muscles followed by posterior decompression surgery of lumbar spine","volume":"10","author":"Nakatani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surg Tech Spine Spinal Nerves"},{"key":"R21-20230831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3109\/07853898909149220","article-title":"Lumbar muscles: structure and function","volume":"21","author":"Kalimo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"R22-20230831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E515","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000144405.11661.eb","article-title":"Changes in the cross-sectional area of multifidus and psoas in patients with unilateral back pain: the relationship to pain and disability","volume":"29","author":"Barker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"R23-20230831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199304000-00008","article-title":"The lumbar multifidus muscle five years after surgery for a lumbar intervertebral disc herniation","volume":"18","author":"Rantanen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"}],"container-title":["Clinical Spine Surgery: A Spine Publication"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01933606-201703000-00008","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T18:24:53Z","timestamp":1693506293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01933606-201703000-00008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/bsd.0b013e31829eb9de","relation":{},"ISSN":["2380-0186"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2380-0186","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}}}