{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T06:18:37Z","timestamp":1769149117089,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]],"date-time":"2008-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1212278400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal Ministry for Education and Research","award":["01EB0110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EB0110"]}]},{"name":"National Genome Research Network","award":["01GS0117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01GS0117"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/chi.0b013e31816bff77","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,5]],"date-time":"2009-03-05T13:49:55Z","timestamp":1236260995000},"page":"673-681","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Genetic Variation in Dopamine Pathways Differentially Associated With Smoking Progression in Adolescence"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"MANFRED","family":"LAUCHT","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"KATJA","family":"BECKER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JOSEF","family":"FRANK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MARTIN H.","family":"SCHMIDT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00dcNTER","family":"ESSER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JENS","family":"TREUTLEIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MARKUS H.","family":"SKOWRONEK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"GUNTER","family":"SCHUMANN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200110050213","article-title":"Neuronal nicotinic receptors: from structure to function","volume":"3","author":"Leonard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.123.5.1730","article-title":"The genetic determinants of smoking","volume":"123","author":"Batra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200410001734030","article-title":"The genetic basis for smoking behavior: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Munafo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-006-0016-0","article-title":"The genetics of nicotine dependence","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1992.tb25980.x","article-title":"Conditioning of opioid reinforcement: neuroanatomical and neurochemical substrates","volume":"654","author":"Shippenberg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1038\/nn945","article-title":"From neurobiology to treatment: progress against addiction","volume":"5","author":"Nestler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199712000-00006","article-title":"D2 dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) Taq1 A polymorphism: reduced dopamine D2 receptor binding in the human striatum associated with the A1 allele","volume":"7","author":"Thompson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pharmacogenetics."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.20039","article-title":"Identification and characterization of ANKK1: a novel kinase gene closely linked to DRD2 on chromosome band 11q23.1","volume":"23","author":"Neville","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Mutat."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.6.1.71","article-title":"Evaluation of a structural polymorphism in the ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 (ANKK1) gene and the activation of executive attention networks","volume":"6","author":"Fossella","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.10.1642","article-title":"Drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological basis: neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex","volume":"159","author":"Goldstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9877(94)90127-9","article-title":"D2 dopamine receptor gene and cigarette smoking: a reward gene?","volume":"42","author":"Noble","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199602000-00006","article-title":"The dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene: a genetic risk factor in smoking","volume":"6","author":"Comings","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pharmacogenetics."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2000.tb00212.x","article-title":"The dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene-a genetic risk factor in heavy smoking?","volume":"5","author":"Batra","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addict Biol."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199804000-00005","article-title":"Lack of association between the dopamine D2 receptor gene allele DRD2*A1 and cigarette smoking in a United Kingdom population","volume":"8","author":"Singleton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pharmacogenetics."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.2004.00302.x","article-title":"Progress in searching for susceptibility loci and genes for smoking-related behaviour","volume":"66","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Genet."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2005.04.022","article-title":"The dopamine D3 receptor and drug dependence: effects on reward or beyond?","volume":"49","author":"Le Foll","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.470100104","article-title":"Clinical and functional correlates of a dopamine D3 receptor polymorphism","volume":"10","author":"Crocq","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/2.6.767","article-title":"A hypervariable segment in the human dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene","volume":"2","author":"Lichter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(00)00562-8","article-title":"The dopamine D(4) receptor: one decade of research","volume":"405","author":"Oak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.005","article-title":"The dopamine D4 receptors and mechanisms of antipsychotic atypicality","volume":"27","author":"Wong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib21","first-page":"453","article-title":"Dopamine D4 receptors and the risk of cigarette smoking in African-Americans and Caucasians","volume":"7","author":"Shields","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000155980.01792.7f","article-title":"Association of the DRD4 exon III polymorphism with smoking in fifteen-year-olds: a mediating role for novelty seeking?","volume":"44","author":"Laucht","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00101-8","article-title":"Global variation of a 40-bp VNTR in the 3-untranslated region of the dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3)","volume":"46","author":"Kang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(99)00099-8","article-title":"Genotype influences in vivo dopamine transporter availability in human striatum","volume":"22","author":"Heinz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.10.1700","article-title":"Prediction of dopamine transporter binding availability by genotype: a preliminary report","volume":"157","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.18.1.14","article-title":"Evidence suggesting the role of specific genetic factors in cigarette smoking","volume":"18","author":"Lerman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200210142689","article-title":"Smoking status and the human dopamine transporter variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism: failure to replicate and finding that never-smokers may be different","volume":"4","author":"Vandenbergh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00165-9","article-title":"Stages in the development of adolescent smoking","volume":"59","author":"Mayhew","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(93)90005-T","article-title":"Genetic models for the natural history of smoking: evidence for a genetic influence on smoking persistence","volume":"18","author":"Heath","year":"1993","journal-title":"Addict Behav."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021670703806","article-title":"Genetic and social determinants of initiation and age at onset of smoking in Australian twins","volume":"29","author":"Heath","year":"1999","journal-title":"Behav Genet."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291798008022","article-title":"A population-based twin study in women of smoking initiation and nicotine dependence","volume":"29","author":"Kendler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400003060","article-title":"The interplay of genetic influences and social processes in developmental theory: specific mechanisms are coming into view","volume":"12","author":"Reiss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.7.1224","article-title":"Interacting effects of genetic predisposition and depression on adolescent smoking progression","volume":"161","author":"Audrain-McGovern","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200010000-00009","article-title":"Behavioral sequelae of perinatal insults and early family adversity at 8 years of age","volume":"39","author":"Laucht","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01602.x","article-title":"Developmental outcome of infants born with biological and psychosocial risks","volume":"38","author":"Laucht","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib36","series-title":"[Changing Trends in the Consumption of Legal and Illegal Drugs by 11\u201316-Year-Old Adolescent Pupils. Findings from a Study Conducted Under the Auspices of the WHO Europe]","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00846549","article-title":"Measuring nicotine dependence: a review of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire","volume":"12","author":"Fagerstrom","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Behav Med."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/2.12.2197-a","article-title":"PCR detection of the TaqA RFLP at the DRD2 locus","volume":"2","author":"Grandy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00217369","article-title":"A 40-nucleotide repeat polymorphism in the human dopamine transporter gene","volume":"91","author":"Sano","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hum Genet."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s004390050166","article-title":"The world-wide distribution of allele frequencies at the human dopamine D4 receptor locus","volume":"98","author":"Chang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum Genet."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.10005","article-title":"D2 dopamine receptor gene in psychiatric and neurologic disorders and its phenotypes","volume":"116B","author":"Noble","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1159\/000054879","article-title":"Antidepressive response to sleep deprivation in unipolar depression is not associated with dopamine D3 receptor genotype","volume":"43","author":"Schumann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001082","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the association between DRD4 polymorphism and novelty seeking","volume":"7","author":"Kluger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008","article-title":"A psychobiological model of temperament and character","volume":"50","author":"Cloninger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810310066012","article-title":"Allelic association of the D2 dopamine receptor gene with receptor-binding characteristics in alcoholism","volume":"48","author":"Noble","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.1.66","article-title":"Population stratification in the candidate gene study: fatal threat or red herring?","volume":"130","author":"Hutchison","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol Bull."},{"key":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816bff77_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.4.433","article-title":"Effect of team sport participation on genetic predisposition to adolescent smoking progression","volume":"63","author":"Audrain-McGovern","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0890856709624412?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0890856709624412?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]],"date-time":"2019-09-12T10:49:14Z","timestamp":1568285354000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0890856709624412"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0890856709624412"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/chi.0b013e31816bff77","relation":{},"ISSN":["0890-8567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0890-8567","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]}}}